[Title: Lexicons of Flora in Balinese Metaphors: Ecolinguistic Studies]This research is an ecolinguistic study focused on metaphors that is related to ecological environment that concerns flora. The reseacrch is firstly aimed at finding and analyzing the lexicons of flora found in Balinese metaphors. Secondly, it is aimed at analyzing and describing cognitive metaphorical meaning between the source and target, and thirdly is aimed at analyzing and describing how the metaphors and metaphorical expressions were constructed. The method used in this research was descriptive qualitative method. The written data were collected from some sources, like Basita Parihasa (book collection of words, sarcasms, metaphors, and others in Balinese), a short story of Balinese containing metaphorical expressions and a Balinese song lyric. The spoken data were collected from an informan as a native speaker of Balinese language.Based on the analysis results, The metaphorical meanings found in this writing mostly showed the similarity, such as body shape, characteristic, situation, and conditon of a human. In other words, cognitive process occured by conceptualizing bodily experience by similarity of the source and target domain in processing metaphorical expressions. It is also found that the Balinese metaphors were constructed by mapping process through ecolinguistic parameters. The mapping process occured, due to the similarity of character or system between source and target, especially Balinese people and ecological environment (flora which exist in Bali). The metaphors were also constructed by bodily experience of the language users which were recorded in human’s cognitive under the praxis social dimension.

AbstrakArtikel ini adalah bagian dari tesis penulis. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan jenis-jenis inkorporasi pelesapan verba dalam bahasa Bali. Data penelitian ini diperoleh melalui metode pustaka dengan teknik catat. Data yang digunakan adalah cerita bahasa Bali berjudul Tutur Bali. Dalam analisis data akan dipakai metode agih. Hasil analisis disajikan dengan metode formal dan informal. Berdasarkan analisis yang telah dilakukan, terdapat empat jenis inkorporasi verba yang ditemukan. Keempat jenis inkororasi verba tersebut antara lain inkorporasi objektif, inkorporasi instrumental, inkorporasi lokatif, dan inkorporasi keadaan. Kasus inkorporasi yang ditemukan adalah kasus inkorporasi objektif seperti majaler (menggunakan celana panjang), inkorporasi instrumental seperti sabunin (bersihkan dengan sabun), inkorporasi lokatif seperti celengin (letakkan dalam celengan), dan inkorporasi keadaan seperti ngotorin (mengotori). Kata kunci: bahasa Bali, pelesapan verba, inkorporasi Abstract This article is part of writer's thesis. The aim of this article is to explain the kinds of incorporation with ellipsis of verb in

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This paper accounts for the empowerment of the group of young people, the local guides, in Semarapura Kaja village, Klungkung regency, Bali. It was done due to the integrated tourism development. It focuses on teaching them English used in guiding activities. The teaching materials involve tourism in general and etiquettes of being a guide. The method applied was communicative English and English mastery through simplest patterns that are mostly used in daily activities. The teaching method applied involved counselling, monitoring and evaluating, then continued with making a report. It was true that by applying the method used, the local guides understand about tourism in general and know how to be a good guide. By mastering the simplest patterns of the English language, the local guides could easily speak good English. They know how to use the language functions and they could demonstrate how to act as a good guide. It is hoped that by the readiness of the group of the young people to be the local guides, the Semarapura Kaja village is ready to be a tourist village.

This paper accounts for the agents in Balinese passive forms. It focuses on kinds of agent and their syntactic and semantic representation in Balinese passive constructions. This research used two novels, namely Dadi Ati written by Manda (2013) and Ki Baru Gajah by Sugianto (2015) as the data source. To support the data, this research also used informants. Aplying the RRG theory proposed by Van Valin and Randy (1999) and ideas from Balinese experts, it was found out that the agents of Balinese passive sentences varied in their forms and applied various constructions and semantic representation. Some constructions of passive sentences do not have an agent in their usage and some do have it. The ka- passive forms, for example, generally have no agents, but the ka- forms followed by suffix -ang or -in do need an agent. The first and second person agents directly follow the verb in the passive constructions. These two agents may be expressed by a noun. The pronoun in the third person as an agent can be expressed by suffix -a. Frequently the agents are expressed by a prepositional phrase.