Six years into the global economic and financial crisis, many European countries have suffered profound economic, political, and social repercussions. Governmental and constitutional crises, high levels of public debt, the adoption of austerity measures, unprecedented levels of unemployment, and the spreading of poverty have marked many European societies. While the EU is in a process of reexamining the whole design of the banking system with far-reaching political and institutional consequences, the impact of the economic crisis on indebted consumers, and specifically those with mortgages, has been much less discussed. The Working Paper presents the result of a research on the effects of the financial and EURO crisis in six European countries within and outside the Eurozone (Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Portugal, Romania, and Spain) having in common that they received international bailout loans under the condition of implementing intrusive austerity measures. In those countries consumers are still facing increasing levels of (over-)indebtedness and struggle with the effects of the crisis, both in financial and social terms. In this light, the studies pay attention to both the social reality and the legal change which is undergoing as triggered by legislative reforms and judicial decisions. The studies also lay open the shortcomings of a EU consumer policy which is largely based on the image of the reasonably circumspect consumer who is supposed to be autonomous, self-reliant, and reasonably well informed. In this regard, the EU suffers from a clear internal market bias that promotes and requires easy access to consumer and mortgage credit, without paying sufficient attention to the possible drawbacks in terms of social exclusion.
Based on the literature review, the article presents the systematization of antecedents and effects of workplace incivility. Variables contributing to deviant workplace behaviour (antecedents) are placed within three categories: dispositional, behavioural, and contextual. Dispositional antecedents, which include characteristics of targets (certain demographic characteristics and personality traits) and characteristics of instigators (position and power, attributes, attitudes, and certain personality traits), are presented. After that, behavioural antecedents of targets (such as counterproductive work behaviour, annoying or provocative behaviour, etc.) and instigators (inappropriate conflict management style, "workaholism", response to negative emotions, etc.) are stated. Furtherly, contextual antecedents that are divided into organizationally-based (organizational change and downsizing, hierarchy and autocracy, lack of organizational justice, inadequate organizational culture and climate, certain negative aspects of e-communication, etc.), and work-based antecedents (job design issues, inappropriate working conditions, performance pressure, etc.) are explained at the end. Finally, negative consequences of workplace incivility on employees and the organization are presented. The article ends with the concluding remarks, the implication of the research, and suggestions for future studies.
Digital marketing has been developing a huge dynamic potential for the past few years, considering the steady relationship as its target. Therefore, professionals look for new ways to rebrand themselves as creative people according to social changes that may cause even brand repositioning because the market always relies on consumer behaviour. Nowadays, technology is a continuous challenge, as it can alter consumers' lives in communities, as well as advertising perception itself. This paper aims to present the perception of online creativity through the eyes of young professionals working in digital advertising, thus enhancing their online skills to become more effective. Romania exhibits hybridized age groups in terms of media channel use. For example, people over 50 use television as a primary source of information and, by contrast, the mid-career 40-50 categories consider the Internet a viable alternative to other media channels. When it comes to young people over 14, online is the main or the only source of information. The main hypothesis of my research is that advertising mirrors not only a changing society, but also the relationship between advertisers, clients' demands and consumers' expectations. My mixed methods, consisting of interviews and content analysis to investigate the collected data, focus on the advantages and disadvantages of online advertising, as well as on creativity development in the digital world.
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