Increasing the response to selection in plant breeding programs by reducing the time required to complete a generation of inbreeding can significantly shorten the time to release a cultivar. Recently, ‘speed breeding’ strategies that manage temperature, photoperiod, and micronutrients showed a significant reduction in time to inbreeding in several crops. The goal of this study was to determine if the speed breeding system can be effectively applied to oat (Avena sativa L.) for a single‐seed descent breeding scheme and to determine if seeds can be harvested early with acceptable germination for breeding purposes. Two systems were evaluated using eight genetically diverse oat genotypes under speed breeding (22‐h photoperiod) and normal growing conditions (16 h) in a randomized complete block design with a factorial arrangement of treatments and three replications. Our results indicated a significant reduction in time for all the phenological stages evaluated when speed breeding was used, compared with normal growing conditions. In particular, the reduction in time to flowering date was 11 d (62 vs. 51 d on average). Germination evaluations indicated that by 21 d after flowering, it was possible to obtain acceptable germination levels for all genotypes evaluated. This should be of great importance in breeding systems where single‐seed descent can be used.
The planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway collectively orients thousands of cells with respect to a body axis to direct cellular behaviors that are essential for embryonic morphogenesis. Hair follicles of the murine epidermis provide a striking readout of PCP activity in their uniform alignment along the entire skin surface. Here, we characterize, from the molecular to tissue-scale, PCP establishment in the rosette fancy mouse, a natural variant with posterior-specific whorls in its fur, to understand how epidermal polarity is coordinated across the tissue. We find that embryonic hair follicles of rosette mutants emerge with reversed orientations specifically in the posterior region, creating a mirror image of epidermal polarity. The rosette trait is associated with a missense mutation in the core PCP gene Fzd6, which alters a consensus site for N-linked glycosylation and inhibits its membrane localization. Unexpectedly, this defect in Fzd6 trafficking, observed across the entire dorsal epidermis, does not interfere with the ability of other core PCP proteins to localize asymmetrically. Rather, the normally uniform axis of PCP asymmetry is disrupted and rotated in the posterior region such that polarity is reflected on either side of a transition zone. The result is a reversal of polarized cell movements that orient nascent follicles, specifically in the posterior of the embryo. Collectively, our multiscale analysis of epidermal polarity reveals PCP patterning can be regionally decoupled to produce the unique posterior whorls of the fancy rosette mouse.
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