This is the first study developed in Portugal which investigates specific characteristics of dance and gymnastics environments that make them high-risk contexts for the development of eating disorders. Four focus groups were conducted with thirteen ballet students from a professional dance school and nine gymnasts from a gymnastics club (aged 12 to 17 years old), which were subjected to an inductive-deductive analysis procedure. Specific risk and protective factors were identified. Among their respective sources of influence, teachers and coaches are those who exert a stronger influence upon young athletes. We also explored some themes related to the influence of peers, parents, and environmental characteristics, which could have an important role on the development or prevention of disordered eating.Este es el primer estudio realizado en Portugal que tiene como objetivo investigar las características específicas que en el mundo de la danza y de la gimnasia pudieran ser factores de alto riesgo para el desarrollo de trastornos de la conducta alimentaria. Se realizaron cuatro grupos focales con trece estudiantes de danza profesional y nueve gimnastas (de 12 a 17 años). Las transcripciones de los grupos focales fueron sometidas a un procedimiento de análisis inductivo-deductivo. Se identificaron factores de riesgo y protectores específicos. Entre las respectivas fuentes de influencia, los profesores y entrenadores son los que ejercen mayor influencia sobre los jóvenes atletas. También se exploraron algunos temas relacionados con la influencia que tienen compañeros, padres y las características del entorno deportivo; los cuales pueden tener un importante rol tanto en el desarrollo como en la prevención de comportamientos alimentarios alterados. Palabras clave: trastornos de la conducta alimentaria, ballet, gimnasia, adolescentes, grupo focal.

ResumoEste estudo procurou investigar a forma como a presença ou a ausência de irmãos influencia a personalidade. O lugar que cada um ocupa na família proporciona experiências diversificadas; alguns aspectos da personalidade, conseqüentemente, podem ser distintos consoante a posição fraternal do sujeito considerado. A amostra foi constituída por 1.142 estudantes universitários, 874 do sexo feminino e 268 do masculino. As análises estatísticas realizadas demonstraram a existência de diferenças de personalidade entre os sujeitos que ocupam uma das quatro principais posições fraternais: únicos, mais velhos, mais novos e do meio. Nomeadamente, nas facetas da rectidão, altruísmo e complacência (do domínio da Amabilidade), obediência ao dever e deliberação (do domínio da Conscienciosidade) e hostilidade (do domínio do Neuroticismo). Os resultados foram discutidos à luz das teorias dos principais estudiosos da fratria, concretamente, Adler, Toman e Sulloway. Tudo começa em casa (Winnicott, 1989). Ou, por assim dizer, é na família, tenha ela a configuração que tiver, que o desenvolvimento do ser humano se inicia. Por ser o primeiro contexto desenvolvimental, é o mais significativo na ontogenia. Com efeito, é na família que sentimos os primeiros amores e os primeiros ódios, com ela fazemos as primeiras aprendizagens -que fazem parte do processo de socialização -, e é lá que começa o desenvolvimento da nossa personalidade. Parte significativa de cada um de nós construir-se-á, então, a partir das aprendizagens realizadas no quadro familiar, sobretudo das relações com os pais e os irmãos.

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This study compared potential risk and protective factors, levels of disordered eating (DE), and their relationship among young aesthetic athletes (elite and nonelite) and controls (N = 725; 62.5 % females; mean age = 15.3, SD = 2.1). The participants completed selfreport measures (McKnight Risk Factor Survey-IV, Contour Drawing Rating Scale and Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire). Female elite athletes showed a greater risk of developing eating disorders than non-elite athletes and controls, with no difference between the three groups of males. Multiple group analyses revealed important differences in DE predictors. Although social pressure is the strongest DE predictor in non-elite athletes and controls, in elite athletes, the strongest DE predictor is body image dissatisfaction. Parental influences, rather than self-esteem, are predictors of DE in elite athletes, unlike the other two groups. These results show that the risk and protective factors involved in the development of DE are not universally valid. The results highlight the importance of studying specific characteristics associated with DE in aesthetic athletes. Some implications for ED risk assessment and prevention are discussed.

The main goal of this research was to assess whether satisfying basic psychological needs (BPN) in a Portuguese school-based mentoring (SBM) program improved the mentored students' well-being. One uncommon feature of this program was that the mentors were also teachers of the mentees. A two-wave experimental study design was implemented to compare the mentored (n = 157) and non-mentored students (n = 160). Surveys were completed twice, with a 6-month interval between time points 1 and 2. The results indicate that SBM that was associated with increased support for BPN was the most effective condition for promoting academic well-being, particularly in terms of improving the mentored students' perceptions of their school environment. However, no significant differences between the mentored and non-mentored students were detected regarding personal well-being (e.g., psychological well-being) and social well-being (e.g., peer support). These findings suggest that the balanced support of BPN was important in this particular SBM program. This support and enduring mentoring relationships can facilitate the general improvement of the mentored students' well-being. Keywords School-based mentoring Á Basic psychological needs Á Well-being 1 Introduction Schools are increasingly committed to improving students' knowledge and well-being. This dual purpose is shared by different educational stakeholders and stems from the assumption that student performance depends on a wide array of cognitive, emotional and

ResumoA violência entre irmãos é uma das formas mais comuns de violência familiar. Este estudo pretendeu caracterizar este problema em Portugal, numa amostra de 588 estudantes universitários. Os diferentes tipos de violência (física, psicológica e sexual) foram avaliados com as "Revised Confl ict Tactics Scales -Sibling Version". Procedeu-se a análises descritivas exploratórias das distribuições das principais variáveis, recorreu-se ao teste do χ 2 e a análises de covariância múltipla. Os resultados indicaram que a violência entre irmãos é muito frequente no início da adolescência; os rapazes perpetraram signifi cativamente mais atos de violência física (p <0,001) e sexual (p <0,05) do que as raparigas, mas foram também, física (p <0,001) e sexualmente (p <0,05), mais vitimizados. Também as díades masculinas apresentaram níveis de violência física e sexual signifi cativamente superiores aos de todas as outras díades, indicando claramente a reciprocidade do fenómeno. Os resultados foram discutidos segundo perspetivas de 'normalização de agressões' (dissonância cognitiva; Hardy, Beers, Burguess, & Taylor, 2010) e do 'ciclo de violência', as quais explicam a manutenção de comportamentos abusivos entre irmãos e a sua possível transferência para outras relações. Palavras-chave: Violência, irmãos, díades fraternas, diferenças de género. AbstractSibling violence is one of the most common forms of family violence. This study aimed to characterize this issue in Portugal, among a sample of 588 undergraduates. The different types of victimization (physical, psychological and sexual) were assessed through the "Revised Confl ict Tactics Scale -Sibling Version". Descriptive exploratory analyses of the main variables, χ2 test, and multiple analyses of covariance were conducted. The results indicated that sibling violence is more frequent during early adolescence; boys committed signifi cantly more physical (p <.001) and sexual (p <.05) violent acts than girls, but they were also signifi cantly more victimized than girls, both physically (p <.001) and sexually (p <.05). Also, the male dyads showed signifi cantly higher levels of physical and sexual violence than all other dyads, indicating clearly the reciprocal phenomenon. The results are discussed according to 'normalization of aggression' and 'cycle of violence' perspectives, which both help to understand the perpetration of abusive behaviors among siblings, as well as their occasional transfer to other relationships.

Resumo: Definida como uma falta de consistência dos padrões de comportamento familiar e dos sistemas de regulação familiar, a imprevisibilidade familiar surge como um constructo interessante para apreender a forma como a família, e muito particularmente o sub-sistema parental, exerce o seu papel e o seu poder executivo. Pesquisas diversas têm associado maior imprevisibilidade familiar a perturbações do desenvolvimento familiar e do próprio desenvolvimento individual. Este artigo visa apresentar um estudo de validação da Family Unpredictability Scale (FUS), de Lisa Ross e Elizabeth Hill, para Portugal, ao mesmo tempo que discutir o seu valor na discriminação de famílias que técnicos com funções psicossociais diversas identificaram como estando perturbadas no exercício das suas funções familiares. Busca-se também realçar o papel que o nível educacional parece ter na variação do grau de imprevisibilidade familiar; os resultados mostram que são os pais com menor nível educacional que apresentam os mais elevados níveis de imprevisibilidade.Palavras-chave: Imprevisibilidade familiar. FUS. Avaliação. Risco. Family unpredictability and its implications in the familiar and individual developmentAbstract: The family unpredictability is defined as a lack of consistency in standards of familiar behaviour and the familiar regulation systems. It is interesting for the understanding of how the family, and particularly the parental subsystem exerts its roles and executive power. Higher family unpredictability has been associated with higher disturbances of the familiar and individual development. This paper presents the validation of a Family Unpredictability Scale (FUS) described by Lisa Ross and Elizabeth Hill, for Portugal. It also evaluates the scale abilities to discriminate families with diverse perturbation levels in psychosocial functions. The lower educational level of parents was associated with higher levels of unpredictability.Keywords: Family unpredictability. FUS. Assessment. Risk. Imprevisibilidad familiar y sus implicaciones en el desarrollo individual y familiarResumen: La imprevisibilidad familiar es definida como una falta de consistencia en los patrones del comportamiento familiar y de los sistemas de regulación familiar, permitiendo aprender la forma como la familia y el sub-sistema familiar, ejerce su función y su poder ejecutivo. Es asociada una mayor imprevisibilidad familiar con perturbaciones del desarrollo familiar e individual. Presentamos la validación de la Family Unpredietability Seale (FUS), de Lisa Ross e Elizabeth Hill, para Portugal, discutiéndose su valor para discriminar familias, previamente identificadas como estando perturbadas en el ejercicio de sus funciones familiares. También destacamos la relación entre nivel educativo y variación del grado de imprevisibilidad familiar, siendo que padres con menor nivel educativo presentan niveles más elevados de imprevisibilidad.Palabras clave: Imprevisibilidad familiar. FUS. Evaluación. Riesgo.

Although different forms of parental influences on adolescents' body image and eating disturbances have been studied, this relationship is nearly uninvestigated within the population of aesthetic athletes, a risk group for the development of eating disorders. The present study examined the role of specific family variables on the body image dissatisfaction (BID) and disordered eating (DE) of elite aesthetic athletes (n = 85) and controls (n = 142). Adolescents (M = 14.87 years, SD = 2.22) completed measures of direct influences (concern with thinness and weight teasing by parents), perceived quality of relationship with each parent and the overall family environment, BID and DE. Participants' parents (223 mothers and 198 fathers) also completed measures of BID and DE. In general, parents of athletes do not present higher levels of BID or DE than do controls' parents. Interesting differences were found between athletes' and controls' BID and DE predictors. Among athletes, direct parental influences are the only significant predictive family variable, which can reinforce the pressure to be thin found within elite-aesthetic contexts. The study's findings highlight not only the importance of critical parental comments in athletes' expression of BID and DE, but also of maternal modeling among adolescents in the general population. Such parental behavior may be an appropriate target in different prevention efforts.