Adsorption behaviour and corrosion rate of Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose on aluminium was studied. Different concentration levels of Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (Na-CMC) solution were applied on several prepared and polished aluminium coupons for a corrosion experiment. These coupons were totally immersed in 100ml of 0.5M solution of Hydrochloric acid (HCl) in an open beaker placed in a water bath at varying temperatures for 2-8hrs respectively. At every specified temperature and time interval, the immersed coupon specimen was withdrawn from the test solution, washed, dried and reweighed. The weight loss being the difference in weight of the specimen before and after immersion in the water bath was recorded for every coupon sample. The effects of concentration, temperature and time on corrosion rate were studied and from the various plots, it was observed that increase in the concentration of the inhibitor decreases the corrosion rate. The study of the adsorption behaviour showed that Na-CMC was physically adsorbed on the aluminium coupons and obeyed Freundlich adsorption isotherm with an activation energy of 32K.83j/mol and heat of adsorption of -18.21Kj/mol . The study also established a relationship between the corrosion rate, CR; concentration, C; temperature, T; and time t, through a mathematical model: CR = 3.8-5*T1.1617 - 0.00052t0.6176 - 0.0013C0.8012, the proportion of variance explained (R2) = 0.8658 (86.58%), From the Results of the experiment and the model, Na-CMC was found to be an active corrosion inhibitor of Aluminium in acidic environment. Keywords: Adsorption, Aluminium, concentration, Corrosion Rate, Weight Loss

Thin-film batteries are solid-state batteries comprising the anode, the cathode, the electrolyte and the separator. They are nano-millimeter-sized batteries made of solid electrodes and solid electrolytes. The need for lightweight, higher energy density and long-lasting batteries has made research in this area inevitable. This battery finds application in consumer electronics, wireless sensors, smart cards medical devices, memory backup power, energy storage for solar cells, etc. This chapter discussed different types of thin-film battery technology, fundamentals and deposition processes. Also discussed in this chapter include the mechanism of thin-film batteries, their operation and the advantages of thin-film batteries over other batteries. The vast applications of thin-film batteries drive research in this area. These applications are discussed extensively.

Polyethylene (PE) is a synthetic polymer made from the polymerization of ethylene. It is the most widely used plastic in the world. Its production, processing, usage, applications, and disposal system had made the study of this plastic very significant. The role played by this plastic in the world has made the knowledge of its usage, disposal system, processing, recycling, and applications inevitable. The chapter discussed the general overview of this plastic product, the production, properties, and disposal systems. The processing of recycled polyethylene is vital in its end-use through collecting, sorting, cleaning, separation, and compounding, and this was extensively treated. We also discussed the opportunities, applications, and limitations of polyethylene recycling. At the end of this chapter, one will know the production, processing, recycling, and applications of polyethylene plastic and the dangers posed by this plastic if a proper disposal system is not followed.

Bioethanol production from cellulosic materials is important in mitigating the concomitant displacement and exploitation of primary food crops for biofuel production and reducing carbon emissions which exacerbate climate change. The problem of reduced yield in the production and availability of yeast locally poses a barrier to market adoption and penetration of bioethanol. The study examined the effect of particle size and different yeast strains on the yield of bioethanol from waste sawdust that was sourced from a local timber processing centre. The samples of yeast were prepared from baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and palm wine yeast (Saccharomyces chevalieri). The sawdust was reduced to 212 μm, 300 μm, and 500 μm particle sizes. The samples of each particle size were pretreated and hydrolyzed with H2SO4 and fermented with S. cerevisiae or S. chevalieri yeast. The results obtained show that the weight, pH, density, viscosity, flash point, and heating value of the produced bioethanol ranged between 221.67 and 322.64 g, 6.2 and 6.6, 0.821 and 0.878 g/mL, 1.073 and 1.193, 14 and 16°C, and 20.5 and 23.1 MJ/kg, respectively, while the alcohol content of each of the samples was 69%. Furthermore, the bioethanol yield from Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast was 213.9 mL, 193.2 mL, and 186.3 mL, for the 212 μm, 300 μm, and 500 μm particles, while for Saccharomyces chevalieri yeast, the yield was 289.8 mL, 255.3 mL, and 220.8 mL for the 212 μm, 300 μm, and 500 μm, respectively. An ANOVA on the effect of particle size on ethanol yield shows a significant difference at 5% level of significance. The study demonstrated that the use of locally produced yeast and increasing the surface area of sawdust increase bioethanol yield. Hence, it was concluded that better yeast strain use and biomass particle size reduction to a level that allows the optimal surface area for the reaction improve the yield of bioethanol. The study outcome can help in ameliorating the continued dependence on fossil fuels and the food security problems arising from displacing or utilizing food for fuel and could also encourage commercial-scale cellulosic ethanol production from waste.

In this work, the design of a multi-planetary weight measurement device comprising of a hardware and software system, capable of measuring and displaying the weight of objects in different planets of our solar system is presented. It is a microcontroller-based device indigenously designed for computational astronomy needs in multi-planetary weight measurement. It is also a fascinating basic space science tool for space science enthusiasts. The methodology of the hardware design involved the programming and interconnection of modular electronic chips and sensors such as load cell sensor-TAS606, load cell amplifier-HX711, liquid crystal display-LCD, Joy-Stick switch and microcontroller which can measure weight of objects not exceeding five kilograms. The software system was designed into executable program using python programing language and can measure any range of object's weight in the solar system. Surface gravity values for each planet were calculated and the respective values mapped for each select planet. Weight computational codes for respective planets were also developed in C-programming language for determining the weight of different objects on each planet. The device was calibrated using a known weight of one Kilogram (1Kg). Accurate weights of two different objects were measured for different planets on the system; the weights (data) measured were recorded and analyzed to show the key importance of gravity in astronomical weight computation in different planets.