S UNFLOWER (Helianthus annus L.) is an important oilseed crop in so many countries which suffer from seed and oil yield reduction by limited water or soil salinity. Since some responses to water and salt stress are common, other responses may vary according to the genotype and/or stress level. The role of the genetic diversity on the responses of sunflower yield, oil quality and the fatty acid composition to the different levels of irrigation and soil salinity in two field experiments were investigated. Three registered parental lines; HA 429, HA 430 and HA 20 and two hybrids; H (A9xRF6) and H (A9xRF8), in addition to one cultivar; Sakha 53 were used in this study. The results showed significant effects of genotype, level of stress and their interactions on most of the examined characteristics. Water stress caused a major reduction of protein content and oil yield than salinity stress. Different genotypes with similar oil contents had different oil yields under stress treatments. The hybrids H (A9xRF6) and H (A9xRF8) showed less reduction in oil content by both irrigation and salinity treatments, compared to the other genotypes and this candidate them for cultivation in stressed regions. The results also showed that some fatty acids, particularly stearic acid and oleic acid, were dependent on the genotype and the stress level in both experiments.
Response of three genotypes of sunflower (Helianthus annuus, L.) to callus induction and embryogenic callus production under in vitro salinity conditions were studied. For callus induction, hypocotyls were subjected to in vitro culture on Murashige and Skooge (MS) medium supplemented with 1.0 mg Naa + 0.3 mgBa /L. The aims of this study was design to evaluate salt tolerance of the sunflower genotypes, growing calli were exposed after two subsequent subcultures (4weeks each) to different concentrations of Nacl (0, 50,75, 100, 125, 150 and 175 mM/L) added to the culture medium for 4 weeks. Comparison of genotypes was based on callus induction percentage, embriogenic callus production percent and relative fresh weight growth (RFWG). The necrosis percentage and relative fresh weight growth of callus were studied to evaluate callus salinity tolerance. The responses of genotypes to callus induction were 78, 89 and 60% for Sakha 53, Giza 102 and Par-1617-1 genotypes, respectively. The high percentage of embryogenic callus obtained for the three varieties indicated that sunflower genotypes have a high capacity for embryogenic callus production. Nacl effect resulted in calli necrosis and a reduction of their growth. However, growing calli derived from varieties Giza 102 and Par-1671-1 showed less percent of necrosis and less relative fresh weight growth reduction under salt stress up to 100 m M/L, but they appeared to be more salt tolerant in vitro than Sakha 53 , Par-1671-1 was the most salt tolerant under 125 and 150 mM/L Nacl. The study proved that callus growth and salinity tolerance were genotype independent.
Abstract-Drought is a wide spread problem seriously influencing rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) 9.4, 26.2, 40.5, 45.6, 46.0,54.4, 20.5, 25.8 and 58.3%, respectively comparing No. of branches/plant, No. of silica/plant, seed weight/plant, seed, oil and protein yield/ha by 3.0, 21.8, 30, 21.6, 33.9, 26.7
A field experiment was carried out to evaluate the responses of six oil sunflower (Helianthus annuus L) genotypes namely; Sakha 53, H(A9XRf6), B11, B12, H(A9XRf8) and B20 to drought stress. Plants were subjected to three levels of water: adequate (control), moderate drought and severe drought Water regime was started directly post anthesis by withholding water during seed-filling stage until complete maturity of seeds. Moderate and severe drought decreased plant height and stem diameter of all genotypes, except B11 and B20 which recorded non-significant decrease in plant height under moderate drought. On the other hand, non-significant effect was observed in leaf area in all genotypes except B12 and H(A9XRf8) where a significant decrease was recorded only under severe drought. Yield components (head diameter, seed yield, 100 seed weight, seed husk %, seed kernel %, and oil percentage) responded to drought stress differently according to genotypes. Significant decreases were observed in floral head diameter seed yield, oil percentage and protein content in all genotypes except for the non-significant reduction in seed yield and oil content in Sakha53 and H(A9XRf6) under moderate drought Generally, Skha53 was the most drought-tolerant genotype whereas B11, B12 and B20 exhibited the least tolerance.
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