Abnormalities of mineral metabolism occur early in chronic kidney disease. Quantification of the prevalence of these abnormalities has not been described using current assays nor in large unselected populations. This outpatient cohort cross-sectional study was conducted in 153 centers, (71% primary care practices). Blood for parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D metabolites, creatinine, calcium (Ca), and phosphorus (P) were drawn between June and October 2004. Low 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25 OH2 D3) was defined as <22 pg/ml. The 1814 patients had a mean age of 71.1 years old; 48% had diabetes mellitus (DM). Low 1,25 OH2 D3 was evident at all estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) levels: 13% in those with eGFR >80 ml/min, >60% in those with eGFR <30 ml/min. High PTH (>65pm/dl) occurred in 12% with eGFR >80 ml/min. Serum Ca and P were normal until eGFR was <40 ml/min. Significant differences in the mean and median values of 1,25 OH2 D3, PTH, but not 25(OH)D3 levels, were seen across deciles of eGFR (P<0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that DM, increased urinary albumin/creatinine ratio and lower eGFR predicted lower values of 1,25 OH2 D3. A high prevalence of mineral metabolite abnormalities occurs in a large unreferred US cohort. Low 1,25 OH2 D3 and elevated PTH are common at higher eGFR than previously described. As bone, cardiovascular disease, and mineral metabolite are correlated; further studies are necessary to determine the importance of these findings relative to outcomes.

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Staphylococcus aureus infections represent a considerable burden to US hospitals, particularly among high-risk patient populations. The potential benefits to hospitals in terms of reduced use of resources and costs as well as improved outcomes from preventing S aureus infections are significant.

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While both populations were highly morbid populations largely initiated on weak opioids, chronic use was less common in Germany.