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In contrast to external high energy photon or proton therapy, targeted radionuclide therapy (TRNT) is a systemic cancer treatment allowing targeted irradiation of a primary tumor and all its metastases, resulting in less collateral damage to normal tissues. The α-emitting radionuclide bismuth-213 (213Bi) has interesting properties and can be considered as a magic bullet for TRNT. The benefits and drawbacks of targeted alpha therapy with 213Bi are discussed in this review, covering the entire chain from radionuclide production to bedside. First, the radionuclide properties and production of 225Ac and its daughter 213Bi are discussed, followed by the fundamental chemical properties of bismuth. Next, an overview of available acyclic and macrocyclic bifunctional chelators for bismuth and general considerations for designing a 213Bi-radiopharmaceutical are provided. Finally, we provide an overview of preclinical and clinical studies involving 213Bi-radiopharmaceuticals, as well as the future perspectives of this promising cancer treatment option.

Targeted alpha-particle therapy (TAT) might be a relevant therapeutic strategy to circumvent resistance to conventional therapies in the case of HER2-positive metastatic cancer. Single-domain antibody fragments (sdAb) are promising vehicles for TAT because of their excellent in vivo properties, high target affinity, and fast clearance kinetics. This study combines the cytotoxic α-particle emitter bismuth-213 ( 213 Bi) and HER2targeting sdAbs. The in vitro specificity, affinity, and cytotoxic potency of the radiolabeled complex were analyzed on HER2 pos cells. Its in vivo biodistribution through serial dissections and via Cherenkov and micro-single-photon emission computed tomography (CT)/CT imaging was evaluated. Finally, the therapeutic efficacy and potential associated toxicity of [ 213 Bi]Bi-DTPA-2Rs15d were evaluated in a HER2 pos tumor model that manifests peritoneal metastasis. In vitro, [ 213 Bi]Bi-DTPA-2Rs15d bound HER2 pos cells in a HER2-specific way. In mice, high tumor uptake was reached already 15 min after injection, and extremely low uptake values were observed in normal tissues. Co-infusion of gelofusine resulted in a 2-fold reduction in kidney uptake. Administration of [ 213 Bi]Bi-DTPA-2Rs15d alone and in combination with trastuzumab resulted in a significant increase in median survival. We describe for the very first time the successful labeling of an HER2-sdAb with the α-emitter 213 Bi, and after intravenous administration, revealing high in vivo stability and specific accumulation in target tissue and resulting in an increased median survival of these mice especially in combination with trastuzumab. These results indicate the potential of [ 213 Bi]Bi-DTPA-sdAb as a new radioconjugate for TAT, alone and as an add-on to trastuzumab for the treatment of HER2 pos metastatic cancer.

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We aimed to develop radioligands for PET imaging of brain phosphodiesterase subtype 4D (PDE4D), a potential target for developing cognition enhancing or antidepressive drugs. Exploration of several chemical series gave four leads with high PDE4D inhibitory potency and selectivity, optimal lipophilicity, and good brain uptake. These leads featured alkoxypyridinyl cores. They were successfully labeled with carbon-11 (t 1/2 = 20.4 min) for evaluation with PET in monkey. Whereas two of these radioligands did not provide PDE4D-specific signal in monkey brain, two others, [11C]­T1660 and [11C]­T1650, provided sizable specific signal, as judged by pharmacological challenge using rolipram or a selective PDE4D inhibitor (BPN14770) and subsequent biomathematical analysis. Specific binding was highest in prefrontal cortex, temporal cortex, and hippocampus, regions that are important for cognitive function. [11C]­T1650 was progressed to evaluation in humans with PET, but the output measure of brain enzyme density (V T) increased with scan duration. This instability over time suggests that radiometabolite(s) were accumulating in the brain. BPN14770 blocked PDE4D uptake in human brain after a single dose, but the percentage occupancy was difficult to estimate because of the unreliability of measuring V T. Overall, these results show that imaging of PDE4D in primate brain is feasible but that further radioligand refinement is needed, most likely to avoid problematic radiometabolites.

IntroductionSeveral lines of evidence imply early alterations in endocannabinoid and phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) signaling in Huntington's disease (HD). Using [ 18 F]MK-9470 and [1 8 F]JNJ42259152 small-animal PET, we investigated for the first time cerebral changes in type 1 cannabinoid (CB1) receptor binding and PDE10A levels in vivo in pre-, early-and late symptomatic HD (R6/2) mice, in relation to brain morphology (MRI) and motor function. MethodsTen R6/2 and 16 wild-type (WT) mice were investigated at 3 different time points between the age of 4 and 13 weeks. Parametric CB1 receptor and PDE10A images were anatomically standardized to Paxinos space and analyzed voxel-wise. Volumetric microMRI imaging was performed to assess HD pathology. ResultsIn R6/2 mice, CB1 receptor binding was decreased in comparison to WT in the bilateral caudateputamen, globus pallidus and thalamic nucleus at week 5 (-8.1%, p height =1.7.10 -5 ). Longitudinal follow-up showed further progressive decline compared to controls in a cluster comprising the bilateral hippocampus, caudate-putamen, globus pallidus, superior colliculus, thalamic nucleus and cerebellum (late vs. presymptomatic age: -13.7±3.1% for R6/2 and +1.5±4.0% for WT; p height =1.9.10 -5 ; Fig. 1). In R6/2 mice, PDE10A binding potential also decreased over time, to reach significance at early and late symptomatic HD (late vs. presymptomatic age: -79.1±1.9% for R6/2 and +2.1±2.7% for WT; p height =1.5.10 -4 ; Fig. 2). The observed changes in CB1 receptor and PDE10A binding were correlated to anomalies exhibited by R6/2 animals in motor function, while no correlation was found with MRI-based striatal volume. ConclusionsOur findings point to early regional dysfunctions in endocannabinoid and PDE10A signaling, involving the caudate-putamen and lateral globus pallidus, that may play a detrimental role in the progression of the disease in R6/2 animals. PET quantification of in vivo CB1 and/or PDE10A binding may thus be useful early biomarkers for HD. Our results also provide evidence of subtle motor deficits at earlier stages than previously described.

Phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) is a key regulator of medium spiny neuron excitability. Therefore, it plays an important role in the regulation of motor, reward, and cognitive processes. Despite the interest in PDE10A as a drug and positron emission tomography (PET) imaging target, little is known about the regulation of PDE10A enzymatic activity. This study aimed to further investigate the role of cAMP in the regulation of PDE10A activity and PDE10A PET imaging. Using

MAGL is a potential therapeutic target for oncological and psychiatric diseases. Our objective was to develop a PET tracer for in vivo quantification of MAGL. We report [C]MA-PB-1 as an irreversible MAGL inhibitor PET tracer. The in vitro inhibitory activity, ex vivo distribution, brain kinetics and specificity of [C]MA-PB-1 binding were studied. Ex vivo biodistribution and microPET showed good brain uptake which could be blocked by pretreatment with both MA-PB-1 and a structurally non-related MAGL inhibitor MJN110. These initial results suggest that [C]MA-PB-1 is a suitable tracer for in vivo imaging of MAGL.