Nutrition is an integral part of economic development, since it influences workers’ health and productivity. This study evaluated the usual nutrient intakes and food sources of working adults. We conducted a cross-sectional survey that involved 1264 selected working adults aged 19 to 59 years old from randomly selected job sectors. Quantitative dietary data was collected by a 2-day, non-consecutive 24 h recall, while a dietary diversity questionnaire was used to assess the types and frequency of foods consumed. Physical activity was measured using the World Health Organization global physical assessment questionnaire. The prevalence of inadequate intakes, defined as the percentage of adults with intakes less than the estimated average requirements (EAR) or acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges (AMDR) were estimated using the PC—Software for Intake Distribution Estimation (PC-SIDE) program. The mean daily energy intake of working adults was 1768 kcal/day or 74% of the Estimated Energy Requirements (EER) for this age group. The percentage contribution to the total energy of fats (58%) and proteins (34%) were excessively high. Consumption of fruits and vegetables was only 30% and 40% of the recommended nutrient intake, respectively. Salt intake was 52% above the adequate intake. Nutrient inadequacy was high in almost all nutrients, including iron (99%), folate (97.9%), riboflavin (95.8%), calcium (94.7%), vitamin C (87.3%), and thiamin (76.6%). The top five food sources of energy included rice (35.6%), pork (15.1%), fats and oils (4.7%), chicken (4.4%), and bread (3.8%). Energy and nutrient intakes of working adults is extremely sub-optimal due to the consumption of few nutrient-dense foods. This may pose a triple burden of malnutrition if left unsolved.
Background The quality of foods taken during breakfast could contribute in shaping diet quality. This study determined the regularity of breakfast consumption and breakfast quality based on the food, energy and nutrient intakes of Filipinos. Materials and methods Data from the 2018 Expanded National Nutrition Survey (ENNS) was extracted for analysis. There were 63,655 individuals comprising about 14,013 school-aged children (6–12 years old), 9,082 adolescents (13–18 years old), 32,255 adults (19–59 years old), and 8,305 elderly (60 years old and above). Two-day non-consecutive 24-h food recalls were used to measure food and nutrient intakes. Diet quality was measured using Nutrient-Rich Food Index (NRF) 9.3. The sample was stratified by age group and NRF9.3 tertiles. Results and findings Results showed that 96 – 98% Filipinos across age groups were consuming breakfast. Children age 6–12 years have the highest NRF9.3 average score (417), followed by the elderly (347), adolescents (340), and adults (330). These scores were very low in comparison with the maximum possible NRF score which is 900. The essential nutrient intakes of respondents were significantly higher among those with the healthiest breakfast diet (Tertile 3) compared to those with the poorest breakfast diet (Tertile 1). However, participants in the healthiest breakfast diet did not meet 20% of the recommendations for calcium, fiber, vitamin C, and potassium. Conclusion and recommendations This study revealed that majority of the population are regular breakfast consumers. However, the breakfast consumed regularly by Filipinos were found to be nutritionally inadequate. And even those classified under Tertile 3 which were assumed as having a better quality of breakfast were still found to have nutrient inadequacies. Thus, the study suggests that Filipinos must consume a healthy breakfast by including nutrient-dense foods such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, fresh meat, and milk to provide at least 20–25% of the daily energy and nutrient intakes.
Background Breakfast's impact to diet quality can help shape the current dietary guidelines. This study determined the regularity of breakfast consumption, energy and nutrient intakes and the contribution of breakfast to the daily intakes of Filipinos. Methods Data from the 2018 Expanded National Nutrition Survey by the Food and Nutrition Research Institute was used which included data from 63,655 individuals that comprises of 14,013 school aged children (6–12 years old), 9,082 Adolescents (13–18 years old), 32,255 Adults (19–59 years old), and 8,305 Elderly (60 years old and above). Results Results show a high percentage of breakfast consumer with an average of 95–98% of Filipinos consuming breakfast across age groups. Breakfast consumption were significantly associated among adults and elderly who were female, urban dwellers, college graduates and are overweight. Breakfast contributed to more than 20% of daily energy and nutrient intakes across age groups. Mean vitamin C intakes at breakfast among adults was only 3.5 mg which is only 19% of the total daily intake of vitamin C for adults. The overall diet quality score (NRF 9.3) for the individuals with the healthiest diets (Tertile 3) were comparatively lower (range score of 330417) than the previous IBRI studies from Western countries. Food group intake at breakfast of the individuals with the healthiest diets is composed of a higher intake of vegetables, fresh fish, chocolate based beverages, rice and meat but lower intakes of cereal products, coffee and sugar. Conclusion Breakfast is consumed by majority of the Filipinos and contributes a significantly high percentage of energy and nutrients. Food group intakes at breakfast that favor more intake of vegetables, fresh fish, and chocolate based beverages are associated with the healthiest diets. Addition of fruit at breakfast will improve vitamin C uptake throughout the day.
Background This study evaluated the food and nutrient intakes of selected breastfeeding mothers and identified the top food sources of nutrient intakes. Methods This is a cross-sectional, non-interventional study conducted in one of the private medical centers in Metro Manila, Philippines. Participants: The sample size included 70 mothers of healthy, term, exclusively breastfed infants aged 21–26 days at enrollment. Mothers were scheduled to visit the clinic at days 1, 22, 57, and day 90.Similarly, food diaries were obtained during these periods with a 3-day food record per clinic visit totaling to 12 records per mother at the end of 90 days. At every clinic visit, the records were validated face – to – face by the registered nutritionist – dietitians. An extension of the mother’s participation until day 155 was implemented for the collection of clinical outcomes used by Pediatricians. Mean food intakes were calculated. A PC-Software for Intake Distribution Estimation (PC-SIDE) program was used in the estimation of inadequate intakes. Socio-economic status was collected using standard questionnaires. Weight and height were measured using standard techniques to compute for BMI. Results Anthropometric results for the breastfeeding mothers reported a mean weight of 56.9 kg (SE = 1.3) and a mean height of 152.4 cm (SE = 0.6). In terms of body mass index (BMI), 8.6% were chronic energy deficient, and 34.3% were overweight while 12.9% were obese. Mean energy intake of breastfeeding mothers was 2516.7 kcal/day, which was 28.6% higher than the EER of 1957 kcal/day. Mean protein intake was 78.4 g/day, which was 37% inadequate while fat intake as percentage of total energy was excessive by 4%. Nutrient inadequacy is high for almost all nutrients: iron (99%), folate (96%), riboflavin (39%), vitamin B6 (63%), vitamin B12 (46%) and thiamine (22%). The top 5-food sources with highest percent contribution to energy are rice (43.1%), bread (8.1%), pork (7.7%), powdered milk (5.9%), and sweet bakery products (5%). Conclusions There is a high prevalence of protein and micronutrient inadequacies in the diet of breastfeeding mothers. The prevalence of overweight and obesity is high among breastfeeding mothers. These findings might be explained by the low variety and nutrient-poor foods consumed by the breastfeeding mothers. Understanding the major food sources of nutrient intake of breastfeeding mothers could be used to intensify if not craft interventions to address the nutrient gaps. Improving the maternal nutrition may contribute to having quality breastmilk to infants.
Background: This study evaluated the food and nutrient intakes of breastfeeding mothers and identified the top food sources for their nutrient intakes. Methods: This is a cross-sectional, observational, non-interventional study conducted in one of the private medical centers in Metro Manila, Philippines. Participants: The sample size included 70 mothers of healthy, term, exclusively breastfed infants aged 21-26 days at enrollment. Quantitative dietary data was collected by a 3-day non-consecutive dietary diary for each visit during the clinic hours. Mean food intakes were calculated. A software known as PC-SIDE program or PC-Software for Intake Distribution Estimation was used in the estimation of inadequate intakes. Results: The mean energy intake of breastfeeding mothers was 2516.7 kcal/day, which was 28.6% higher than the EER of 1957 kcal/day. Protein intake was inadequate (37%) while fat intake was excessive by 4%. Nutrient inadequacy is high for almost all nutrients: iron (99%), folate (96%), riboflavin (39%), vitamin B6 (63%), vitamin B12 (46%) and thiamine (22%). The top 5-food sources with highest percent contribution to energy are rice (43.1%), bread (8.1%), pork (7.7%), powdered milk (5.9%), and sweet bakery products (5%). Conclusions: There is a high prevalence of protein and micronutrient inadequacies in the diet of breastfeeding mothers, which may be explained by the low variety and nutrient-poor foods consumed by the mothers. Understanding the dietary patterns and nutrient gaps of breastfeeding mothers may help target appropriate nutritional and behavioral interventions to improve their nutritional status, and also ensure adequate levels of nutrients in their milk for the growth and development of infants.
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