Understanding the fundamental interaction of nanoparticles at plant interfaces is critical for reaching field-scale applications of nanotechnology-enabled plant agriculture, as the processes between nanoparticles and root interfaces such as root compartments and root exudates remain largely unclear. Here, using iron deficiency–induced plant chlorosis as an indicator phenotype, we evaluated the iron transport capacity of Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles coated with citrate (CA) or polyacrylic acid (PAA) in the plant rhizosphere. Both nanoparticles can be used as a regulator of plant hormones to promote root elongation, but they regulate iron deficiency in plant in distinctive ways. In acidic root exudates secreted by iron-deficient Arabidopsis thaliana , CA-coated particles released fivefold more soluble iron by binding to acidic exudates mainly through hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces and thus, prevented iron chlorosis more effectively than PAA-coated particles. We demonstrate through roots of mutants and visualization of pH changes that acidification of root exudates primarily originates from root tips and the synergistic mode of nanoparticle uptake and transformation in different root compartments. The nanoparticles entered the roots mainly through the epidermis but were not affected by lateral roots or root hairs. Our results show that magnetic nanoparticles can be a sustainable source of iron for preventing leaf chlorosis and that nanoparticle surface coating regulates this process in distinctive ways. This information also serves as an urgently needed theoretical basis for guiding the application of nanomaterials in agriculture.
The title compound, C14H11Cl2OP, was synthesized by the reaction of diphenylphosphine oxide with 1,2-dichloroethyne under CuI catalysis. The reaction provided the Z isomer regioselectively. Two O—P—C bond angles [114.3 (1) and 112.5 (1)°] are significantly larger than the C—P—C [107.7 (1), 105.6 (1) and 106.6 (1)°] and another O—P—C angle [109.5 (1)°], indicating significant distortion of the tetrahedral configuration of the P atom. In the crystal, molecules are linked by weak intermolecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds into centrosymmetric dimers, which are connected by further C—H⋯O interactions into chains along [101].
The title compound, C11H15N5O, crystallizes with two independent molecules in the asymmetric unit, both of which contain essentially planar imidazole and pyrimidine rings [maximum deviations = 0.002 (2) and 0.026 (2) Å, respectively, for the first molecule, and 0.001 (2) and 0.025 (2) Å for the second]; the dihedral angles between the rings are 2.1 (2) and 1.7 (2)° in the two molecules. The crystal structure is stabilized by intermolecular N—H⋯N hydrogen bonds, defining chains along a, which are further linked by weak intermolecular π–π contacts [centroid centroid distance = 3.7989 (16) Å] into planes parallel to (01).
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