Anthrax is a zoonotic disease caused by Bacillus anthracis. It is potentially fatal and highly contagious disease. Herbivores are the natural host. Human acquire the disease incidentally by contact with infected animal or animal products. In the 18th century an epidemic destroyed approximately half of the sheep in Europe. In 1900 human inhalational anthrax occured sporadically in the United States. In 1979 an outbreak of human anthrax occured in Sverdlovsk of Soviet Union. Anthrax continued to represent a world wide presence. The incidence of the disease has decreased in developed countries as a result of vaccination and improved industrial hygiene. Human anthrax clinically presents in three forms, i.e. cutaneous, gastrointestinal and inhalational. About 95% of human anthrax is cutaneous and 5% is inhalational. Gastrointestinal anthrax is very rare (less than 1%). Inhalational form is used as a biological warefare agent. Penicillin, ciprofloxacin (and other quinolones), doxicyclin, ampicillin, imipenem, clindamycin, clarithromycin, vancomycin, chloramphenicol, rifampicin are effective antimicrobials. Antimicrobial therapy for 60 days is recommended. Human anthrax vaccine is available. Administration of anti-protective antigen (PA) antibody in combination with ciprofloxacin produced 90%-100% survival. The combination of CPG-adjuvanted anthrax vaccine adsorbed (AVA) plus dalbavancin significantly improved survival.

The study was conducted to assess the clinico-pathological profile of 50 liver abscess cases. This study showed that liver abscess is more common in male than in female. In present study Amoebic Liver Abscess (ALA) is much more common than Pyogenic Liver Abscess (PLA) and almost all the cases belonged to low or medium socio-economic class from rural areas. This may be due to poor living conditions, over crowding and unhygienic practices which leads to fecal contamination of food and drinks which help in transmission of amoeba. Liver abscess has correlation with consumption of indigenous alcohol. Ultrasonogram is an easy, widely available non-invasive and dependable investigation to diagnose liver abscess. In the absence of sophisticated investigations (e.g. Serum antibody against amoeba) at hand, only aspiration and study of pus is a good guide to confirm and to differentiate ALA from PLA. Complications like recurrence, pleuro-peritoneal involvement or rupture of the abscess are not common.

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Seventy four patients of pyogenic liver abscess prospectively evaluated by clinical, haematological, microbiological and sonographic methods. The main objective of this study was to find out correlation between intake of indigenous alcohol and to identify class population affected. Most of the affected patients of pyogenic liver abscess are lower and middle class male and who are farmer with mean age 37±11.7 years. Our study reveals '59 (80%) cases consume that alcohol, among them 56 (95%) patients took locally prepared alcohol (TARI). Organism recovered from pyogenic liver abscess vary considerably. Escherichia coli has been the organism most commonly isolated in our study. 57 cases were treated with ciprofloxacin and sonographic guided needle aspiration. Ciprofloxacin still remains as the drug of choice for this disease and recovery was excellent. So the study reveals that indigenous alcohol is associated with the development of pyogenic liver abscess.

A descriptive study on all cases of haematemesis and or melaena was carried out at Rajshahi Medical College Hospital to observe the demographic profile, clinical presentation, cause and outcome of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in a tertiary hospital of Bangladesh. Fifty adult patients presenting with haematemesis and or melaena admitted consecutively into medical unit were evaluated through proper history taking, thorough clinical examination, endoscopic examination with in 48 hours of first presentation and other related investigations. Patients those who were not stabilized haemodynamically with in 48 hours of resuscitation and endoscopy could not be done with in that period were excluded from this study.Results our results showed that out of 50 patients 44 were male and 6 were female and average age of the patients was 39.9 years. Most of the patients were from low socio-economic condition. Farmers, service holders and laborers were the most (57%) affected group. Haematemesis and melaena (42%), only melaena (42%) and only haematemesis (16%) were the presenting features. Endoscopy revealed that duodenal ulcer( 34%) was the most common cause of UGI bleeding followed by rupture of portal varices( 16%) , neoplasm( 10%) , gastric ulcer ( 08%) and gastric erosion( 06%).Acute upper GI bleeding is a common medical problem that is responsible for significant morbidity and mortality. The extensive clinical spectrum of gastrointestinal bleeding may encompass many different clinical scenarios. It is often very difficult to find out the cause and site of bleeding. We find that though cases of ruptured oesophageal varices were increasing, still peptic ulcer disease is the leading cause of haematemesis and melaena.