Prevalence of toxoplasmosis was investigated in small ruminants (292 sheep & 81 goats) and equine (54 horses and 79 donkeys) from Dakahlia governorate, Egypt in the period from October 2013 -October 2014. The annually incidences were estimated by using latex agglutination test (LAT); indirect hemagglutination test (IHAT) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in sheep were (41.7%), (66.1%) and (62.0%) respectively, in goat were (49.4%), (64.2%) and (50.6%) respectively, in horse (50.0%), (72.2%) and (72.2%) respectively and (44.3%), (67.1%) and (68.4%) in donkeys respectively. The results of bioassay in cats revealed that 8 out of 25 slaughtered sheep (32.0%) and 9 out of 25 slaughtered donkeys (36.0%) were positive. Histopathological examination on bioassay positive case detected Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) tissue cysts in 3 (37.5%) and 4 (44.4%) in diaphragm muscles of sheep and donkeys respectively. The sensitivity of both ELISA and IHAT in sheep and donkeys was 100%. Regarding to host risk factors associated with toxoplasmosis, the results revealed that the seroincidence was significantly higher in equine [horses (72.2%) and donkeys (68.4%)] than in small ruminants [sheep (62.0%) and goats (50.6%)] and in relation to the gender the females were higher than in males. There are high associations between the history of abortion and intensive rearing system with incidence of toxoplasmosis in sheep. It could be concluded that the equines and small ruminants play an important role in epidemiology of toxoplasmosis. ELISA test is the more suitable test in diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in small ruminant and equine. There are strong association between serodiagnosis of toxoplasmosis with intensive breeding, old ages and female in small ruminant and equine.

Sera of 801 apparently healthy dromedary camels were collected from Al-Shalateen quarantine and tested by BAPAT, RBPT and there results were confirmed by CFT. The results revealed that the prevalence of camel brucellosis was 12.9%, 11.6% and 11.5% for BAPAT, RBPT and CFT respectively. Also results revealed that seroprevalence was higher in camels younger than 2 years (immature) (13.3%) than mature camels (2-4 years old) (10.6%) and camels at breeding age (older than 4 years) (10.8%). In addition, prevalence on females (19.1%) were higher than males (7.1%). Moreover, Brucella melitensis biovar 3 was isolated from stomach content of aborted camel fetus. Statistical analysis of these results revealed that the apparent prevalence (AP) was estimated as (11.5%) while true prevalence (TP) was estimated as (13.6%) (95%CI: 11.2-16%). There is No significant difference were detected between different age groups while a highly significant difference were detected between season and gender in the frequency of +ve and -ve samples in different tests.

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The journal implements double-blind peer review practiced by specially invited international editorial board members. Objective: To evaluate the situation regarding gastrointestinal helminth parasites in ruminants (cattle, sheep and goats) slaughtered in the abattoir of Shendi, River Nile State, Sudan. Methods: From September 2015 to October 2016, a total of 687 fecal samples were collected and analyzed by flotation and sedimentation techniques. Results: A total of 411 ruminants examined were positive with one or more helminths, giving 59.8% overall prevalence with intensity of 548.23 eggs per gram feces. A total of 12 gastrointestinal helminth parasite genera were identified, including 2 trematodes (Fasciola spp. and Paramphistomum spp.); 7 nematodes (Haemonchus spp., Strongyloides spp., Trichostrongylus sp., Ostertagia sp., Ascaris spp., Nematodirus spp., and Dictyocaulus sp.); and 3 cestodes (Moniezia sp., Taenia spp., and Dipylidium sp.). Prevalence of Taenia spp. infection was the highest, whereas Trichostrongylus sp. and Dictyocaulus sp. infections had the lowest prevalences. Adult ruminants had higher infection prevalence than the younger ones, but this difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). On the other hand, male ruminants had significantly higher infection prevalence than the females (P < 0.05). Helminth prevalence was significantly higher during the rainy season than the dry season. The highest mean egg outputs were recorded for the young and the female ruminants. Likewise, the mean egg output of helminth was higher during the dry than the rainy season, with a significant difference (P < 0.05). Conclusions: These results encourage implementation of effective preventive and control measures directed against the parasites of ruminants throughout the country.

This review highlights the largely understudied behavior of gliding locomotion, which is exhibited by a diverse range of animals spanning vertebrates and invertebrates, in air and in water. The insights in the literature gained from January 2022 to December 2022 continue to challenge the previously held notion of gliding as a relatively simple form of locomotion. Using advances in field/lab data collection and computation, the highlighted studies cover gliding in animals including seabirds, flying lizards, flying snakes, geckos, dragonflies, damselflies, and dolphins. Altogether, these studies present gliding as a sophisticated behavior resulting from the interdependent aspects of morphology, sensing, environment, and likely selective pressures. This review uses these insights as inspiration to encourage researchers to revisit gliding locomotion, both in the animal's natural habitat and in the laboratory, and to investigate questions spanning gliding biomechanics, ecology, sensing, and the evolution of animal flight.

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