The relevance of this paper is supported by the fact that recently, under the influence of cognitive linguistics, terminological studies are aimed not only at the system and structural description of terms and terminological systems, but also at the study of the internal, semiotic nature of the term. Due to the connection with professional activities, and cognitive approach it is possible to reveal the causes and mechanisms of dynamic processes in the field of professional terminological nomination and create a more complete understanding of the term. Investment terminology system is characterized by the large number of terms formed by means of the words of general vocabulary through the process of meaning metaphorization. Since the conceptual integration theory and the mental space theory have provided many opportunities for a more thorough investigation of a metaphor the research is aimed at identifying the conceptual metaphors of the investment term system of the English language. The analysis of semantic methods of term formation showed that metaphorical transfer is one of the most productive in investment terminology. Metaphor is considered as a creative way of thinking, a cognitive mechanism that allows to conceptualize a new ontological phenomenon by analogy with the existing system of concepts. The article highlights the role of metaphor in the formation of solve the tasks, the following research methods were used: definition analysis, contextual analysis, component analysis. After carrying out a thorough investigation of investment dictionaries and corpora data it was found out that gray is associated with something unethical, gray is unofficial, gray is unauthorized.
Introduction. The article presents the results of an analytical review of scientific papers reflecting the stages of formation and development of the theory of scientific discourse in Russian linguistics. The purpose of the article is to systematize and critically analyze approaches, concepts and methodological principles of the study of scientific communication in the aspect of its communicative-pragmatic, genre-stylistic, linguocognitive and linguocultural specifics.Methodology and sources. The paper is based on theoretical concepts in the field of discourse analysis, considering discourse as a type of social practice, as a methodology of corpus linguistics using software tools and quantitative methods to extract language structures from large arrays of texts. An overview of the existing empirical research base is given.Results and discussion. As a result of the review study, the evolution of approaches to scientific discourse is characterized, their chronological framework is determined, key concepts that influenced the modern understanding of scientific communication are identified (genre-stylistic, sociocultural, cognitive, linguocultural, pragmalinguistic, communicative-pragmatic approaches), modern interpretations of scientific discourse are analyzed and prospects for further research are outlined. It is shown that in the study of scientific discourse, the corpus methodology is today in demand and is used in its synchronic and diachronic description. The diachronic development of the English-language scientific discourse by the example of a scientific article genre is an extremely interesting issue, which, according to our data, has not been thoroughly studied before. That is why our further works will be devoted to its consideration.Conclusion. It is shown that despite the long and intensive study of scientific discourse in the scientific literature there is an insufficient number of works highlighting the trends in the development of scientific communication genres, which demonstrate a certain historical dynamics and changes in the collective consciousness. It is concluded that the discursivecorpus approach to the study of scientific discourse and the methods of corpus linguistics make it possible to objectively identify and describe dynamic processes in the field of written scientific communication caused by changing ways of knowledge transfer under the influence of changes in the socio-cultural context and intensive development of science.
The labor market modernization and the transition to the digital economy have led to a revision of the requirements for a contemporary specialist, who, in addition to professional competencies, possesses a broad range of universal skills and personal qualities. The development of leadership skills can become a universal pedagogical basis for implementing the concept of continuous nationally oriented independent education at all stages starting from the preparation of applicants, secondary vocational education, bachelor’s and master’s degree programs, to postgraduate studies, including advanced training and additional education. The study aimed to identify efficient educational technologies aimed at forming universal competencies in the framework of disciplines “Foreign Language” and “Business Foreign Language” at various stages of training, both in academic and extracurricular activities. The basis for identifying efficient educational technologies was theoretical methods (literature analysis (active teaching methods, and mixed learning technologies), documentation analysis (Federal State Education Standard, FSES 3+++)), as well as empirical methods (observation, study, and generalization). The practical significance of the work consists in the presented model of forming universal competencies, which can be considered as a component of the professional education of a future graduate of a nonlinguistic university. The universal competencies formed within the framework of the disciplines “Foreign Language” and “Business Foreign Language” will allow the graduate to become a competitive specialist in the international labor market.
The article describes the problem of translating polysemantic and synonymous investment terms and is studied from the perspective of cognitive linguistics, namely in the light of the prototypes theory, which presupposes the identification of the content core as the best representative of the word's semantics. The subject of the research are the semantic processes taking place in the English term system reflecting investment activity. By the example of the research of term dealer and its synonyms broker and agent, the authors have defined that the meanings of polysemantic and synonymous terms are not isolated, but are united by a meaningful core and develop according to the laws of semantic derivation based on the common language nominative-non-derivative meaning. The authors found that the reduction of translation failures in the transfer of terms is possible due to the competent use of the cognitive context and the correct definition of the content core of the terminological unit. The research is carried out by means of such methods as the prototypical semantics method, a definitional and component analysis. When identifying the content core of a polysemantic term it is first of all necessary to define the average primary meaning of this term on the basis of dictionary definitions. As a result, the most frequent meaning is determined. Then etymological analysis of the meaning is carried out. At the next stage, in order to model the cognitive image of a word, contextual analysis is performed, and metaphorical comparisons are investigated. Based on the obtained data, a content core of the term is formulated generalizing all the derived meanings and demonstrating their connections. The results obtained allow the authors to prove that the meanings of polysemantic and synonymous terms are connected by a single content core and are developed on the basis of a common linguistic meaning. The practical value of the scientific research is in the possibility to use the results of the work in lexicographic practice when compiling terminological dictionaries, and when writing university courses in terminology and translation studies. The identification of a content core is necessary while translating polysemantic and synonymous terms, because it reveals the meaning of the term in the context and defines the choice of a right translation variant.
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