SUMMARYRoots of the ferns examined in this investigation were constantly mycorrhizal. A mixture of several endophytes infecting a root system was a usual feature of them. Vesicular-arbuscular endophytes predominated over endophytes with a septate mycelium. Ectomycorrhizal fungi with a septate mycelium bearing clamp-connections ran longitudinally inside the cortex and occasionally these hyphae formed a mantle on the outside of the roots. A displacement of endotrophic mycorrhizas by ectomycorrhizal fungi occurred in Adiantum venustum D. Don when growing under pine forest.Heavy arbuscular and vesicular infections occurred throughout the period of investigation. Several spore types were present in each rhizosphere.
This paper aims to investigate the stability constraints under the influence of particular modified gravity theory [Formula: see text], i.e. [Formula: see text] gravity in which the Lagrangian is a varying function of [Formula: see text] and trace of energy momentum tensor ([Formula: see text]). We examine stable behavior for compact cylindrical star having anisotropic symmetric configuration. We establish dynamical equations as well as equations of continuity in the background of this particular non-minimal coupled [Formula: see text]. We utilize perturbation technique which will be applied on geometrical as well as material physical quantities to constitute collapse equation. We continue this significant investigation to understand the dynamical behavior of considered cylindrical system under non-minimal coupled [Formula: see text] functional, i.e. [Formula: see text]. This gravitational function gives compatible findings only for [Formula: see text], also [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] considered in this astrophysical model as coupling entity. This model contains [Formula: see text] which is constant entity, having the values of order of the effective Ricci scalar [Formula: see text]. Furthermore, we impose some physical constraints to determine and maintain the stability criteria by establishing the expression of adiabatic index, i.e. [Formula: see text] for cylindrical anisotropic configuration, in Newtonian [Formula: see text] and post-Newtonian ([Formula: see text]) eras.
This work is related to the stability of a nonstatic, very restricted class of axially symmetric cosmic matter configuration under the influence of modified gravitational theory (AGT) with a realistic model in anisotropic conditions. We construct dynamically modified equations, continuity equations, mass functions and collapse equations in the scenario of considered AGT. We continue our analysis under the influence of [Formula: see text] gravity along with a minimally coupled gravitational function of the form [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] indicates constant entity. In this gravitational model, [Formula: see text] is a function of Ricci scalar invariant [Formula: see text] and the trace of the stress–energy tensor [Formula: see text]. This gravitational function gives significant findings only for [Formula: see text], and both belong to the set of positive real numbers and also [Formula: see text]. We establish expressions of an adiabatic index, i.e. stiffness parameter of fluid [Formula: see text] utilizing relevant perturbation technique with the help of collapse equation in Newtonian [Formula: see text] and post-Newtonian [Formula: see text] domains. We consider the particular form of metric as well as material functions in [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] eras, and impose some constraints on physical quantities (i.e. pressure, density, mass, etc.) to carry out the stable behavior of a considered restricted geometry.
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