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This study was undertaken to identify the temporal characteristics of corticospinal excitability of tibialis anterior muscle during the observation of the initial phase of gait. For this purpose, using transcranial magnetic stimulation, we recorded motor evoked potentials (MEPs) during the observation of the second step of an actor's first three steps of gait initiation with (complex gait) or without (normal gait) an obstacle and unstable surface. The results demonstrate that (1) MEPs during the observation of the initial phase of normal gait were significantly increased only at early swing phase, but not other phases (mid-swing, heel contact, mid-stance, and heel off) and (2) MEPs during the observation of the initial phase of complex gait were significantly increased at early swing and also at mid-swing and heel contact phases. These findings provide the first evidence that corticospinal excitability during the observation of gait, especially the initial phase, is modulated in phase- and motor-demanded-dependent manners.

The binding energy, E b, between a vacancy and a P atom or an As atom in Si is large. Therefore the pair diffusion model (PDM) and the decrease in quasi-vacancy formation energy are applicable to P and As diffusions. With the decrease in quasi-vacancy formation energy, E b also decreases. Fermi level obtained from the Boltzmann statistics is used. Anomalous diffusion of P consists of two components, a tail and a plateau. The tail has been attributed to excess vacancies, the generation of which is a characteristic of PDM. The plateau has been explained by PDM and the decrease in quasi-vacancy formation energy. The reason for this is given for the first time. It is emphasized that the large value of the phosphorus effective diffusion coefficient at the plateau is not anomalous but normal.

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