Lubricants that are based on renewable raw materials have drawn increased attention in various applications, especially those related to the food industry. Due to the high requirements of environmental protection, there is a need to develop biodegradable base oils that are environmentally friendly and do not contain harmful components. The objective of the research was to obtain a base oil with a certain viscosity and certain desired lubricating properties. Base oils were obtained from Crambe abyssinica oil by means of blending with synthetic oil and oxidation. The oxidation processes were carried out in the presence of N-hydroxyphthalimide with or without CO2 as a solvent. As a final result of this study, oil bases meeting the viscosity requirements and showing suitable lubricating properties were obtained. The Raman spectra of the obtained oils were evaluated.
Raw vegetable oil from Crambe abyssinica was subjected to oxidative treatment to enhance its viscosity. The oxidation processes were carried out in the presence of N-hydroxyphthalimide with or without supercritical CO2 as a solvent. Four spectroscopic techniques (Raman, UV-VIS, FT-IR, NMR) were applied to assess the chemical changes taking place during the oxidation. Raman and NMR spectroscopy proved best in the assessment of the chemical transformations leading to increased viscosity of the modified vegetable oil.
SummaryMinority stress is a relatively new concept that has emerged from the concept of stress. Its popularity among researchers who are interested in minority groups is increasing. Minority stress refers to the experiences of stigma, rejection and violence by the majority of society as experienced by the minority.The concept can be operationalised in a number of ways, for instance via a questionnaire such as the Sexual Minority Stress Scale (SMSS) presented in this paper. It concerns a clearly defined concept of minority stress and uses some stress indicators. It was translated and adapted into Polish. This paper presents the results of statistical analysis based on answers of 206 individuals describing themselves as homosexual and 62 describing themselves as bisexual.High psychometric results of the questionnaire indicate that SMSS can be used in research on minority stress in bisexual and homosexual individuals. However, further research is required to verify its usefulness in the clinical setting as a screening tool to diagnose those who may be at risk from high levels of minority stress. minority stress, bisexuality, homosexuality, Sexual Minority Stress Scale (SMSS) questionnaire BACKGROUND
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