In studies of children's resource distribution, it is almost always the case that "fair" means an equal amount for all. In the mini-ultimatum game, players are confronted with situations in which fair does not always mean equal, and so the recipient of an offer needs to take into account the alternatives the proposer had available to her or him. Because of its forced-choice design, the mini-ultimatum game measures sensitivity to unfair intentions in addition to unfair outcomes. In the current study, we gave a mini-ultimatum game to 5-year-old children, allowing us to determine the nature of fairness sensitivity at a period after false belief awareness is typically passed and before formal schooling begins. The only situation in which responders rejected offers was when the proposer could have made an equal offer. But unlike adults, they did not employ more sophisticated notions of fairness that take into account the choices facing the proposer. Proposers, in their turn, were also not adult-like in that they had a very poor understanding that responders would reject unequal offers when an equal one was available. Thus, preschool children seem to understand "fair=equal" in this task, but not much more, and they are not yet skillful at anticipating what others will find fair beyond 50/50 splits.

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An ATR attachment was adapted to a FTIR spectrometer. The increased sensitivity makes it possible to measure spectra of transferred monolayers. The characteristic vibrational frequencies of the transferred multilayer systems of two different substance types (octadecanoic acid, octadecylamine) were investigated in dependence on the layer number. A direct correlation between the absorbance and the transferred substance quantity was found. The absence of interaction between the first layer and the germanium surface was evidenced by the lack of a difference between multilayer spectra divided by the layer number, and the measured spectrum of one layer.

Abstract:The substance-specific stability properties of transferred multilayer systems on germanium and quartz supports have been examined in the electron microscope. Typical micrographs with magnifications between 8 000 x and 40 000 x show that the surface structure of cadmium octadecanoate and octadecylammonium phosphate layer systems is dependent on the investigated parameters: type of substance, material of support, number of layers. Lateral structure rearrangement processes have been observed in the octadecanoate systems forming crystallites on both support materials and alllayer numbers. Similar irreversible transformations did not occur in transferred octadecylamine layer systems. The influence of the support material on the surface structure is interpreted as interaction differences between the support and the polar group of the first layer.

Background Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarker amyloid‐β1–42 (Abeta42), quantified using the Elecsys® Abeta42 (Gen 1) immunoassay, supports diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. Compared with Gen1, the updated assay Elecsys Abeta42 CSF II (Gen2) has a higher threshold for biotin interference, extended measuring range, and is re‐standardised according to certified reference Abeta42 peptide ERM‐DA480/‐481/‐482. The new Routine‐Use (RU) pre‐analytical protocol will be introduced with the Gen2 assay (reported separately). Here, we present the analytical performance of the Gen2 assay, including comparisons with Gen1. Method Analytical performance experiments were conducted on cobas e 601 analysers. Precision was investigated according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute EP05‐A3 (21‐day experiment) using seven native and two control samples. For lot and instrument comparisons (cobas e 801 vs e 601), 125 native CSF sample pools were measured in one run. Gen1 and Gen2 were compared in two method comparison (MC) studies: in‐house study: 103 frozen CSF samples were measured in one run; external study (Pre‐analytical study 2): CSF samples from 24 patients with suspected normal pressure hydrocephalus were prospectively collected according to the RU, Roche Trial and BioFINDER protocols. MC was based on mean concentrations obtained from 3–4 aliquots per patient. Aliquot‐aliquot variability was compared for each protocol. MC analyses included calculation of Pearson’s correlation (r) and Passing‐Bablok regression fit. Result Precision analysis provided within‐run variability of <6% and intermediate precision of <8% for all samples. Measurements of three lots were highly correlated (r=1.00) with bias <5.2%, within the clinically relevant range. Measurements on cobas e 601 and e 801 analysers were highly correlated (r=0.995) and regression analysis yielded a slope of 0.941. Gen1 and Gen2 were strongly correlated in both MC studies (in‐house: r=0.999; external: r=0.990). Slope estimates were 0.75 and 0.79 in the in‐house and external studies, respectively (Figure). Aliquot‐aliquot variability was similar for Gen1 and Gen2 assays within each protocol and lower in the RU versus the Roche Trial protocols (Table). Conclusion The Abeta42 Gen2 assay strongly correlated with the Gen1 assay. High precision and low variability between lots and analysers showed the Gen2 assay provided additional benefits over Gen1 without compromising technical performance.