BULLETIN 727, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGEICULTURE. production of new lesions is very rapid. Therefore, upon its hosts under cultivation this disease often becomes epiphytotic and may cause serious loss. While primarily a field-crop disease it also occurs as a greenhouse trouble in cucumber culture. Anthracnose was noted as early as 1867, and it now occurs quite commonly throughout Europe and the eastern United States. The disease has received considerable attention from mycologists and plant pathologists, and while diverse names were given to the causal organism agreement seems to have been reached that the several descriptions apply to the same fungus. Among the outstanding disputed questions are that of the correct generic name of the fungus and that of the relation of this fungus to the causal organism of bean anthracnose. The latter question is about settled. that the two species of fungi were distinct. In America the chief interest seems to have centered about the relation of the bean and the cucumber anthracnoses. The disease was noted as early as 1885 on gourds in Philadelphia by Dr. Eckfeldt and on watermelons in Wisconsin by Prof. A. B. Seymour, according to specimens listed by Ellis and Everhart (15, p. 112; 23). Cavara (8, p. 179), at Pavia, Italy, in 1889 found the fungus parasitic upon the stems and first leaves of Lagenaria vulgaris in the botanical garden. He noted that the plants were killed by the disease and that its spread was very rapid. Later, in 1892, he (39) reported the disease on the cotyledons, foliage, stems, and fruits of different cucurbits in the gardens of Pavia. Galloway (20) in 1889 reported anthracnose on melons in New Jersey, Virginia, and North Carolina. Halsted (23), in New Jersey, reported a serious blight of cucumbers in 1890 and of muskmelons in 1892 due to this disease. Basing his belief upon successful cross inoculation from a watermelon fruit to bean pods and from both of these to a citron fruit, he concluded that the fungus was identical with that of bean anthracnose. Although not recognized as the same disease previously studied by Roumeguere, anthracnose of melons was described by Prillieux and Delacroix (39) in France in 1894. They noted that young plants
The era of fully autonomous, electrified taxi fleets is rapidly approaching, and with it the opportunity to innovate myriad on-demand services that extend beyond the realm of human mobility. This project envisions a future where autonomous plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) fleets can be dispatched as both a taxi service and a source of on-demand power serving customers during power outages. We develop a PDE-based scheme to manage the optimal dispatch of an autonomous fleet to serve passengers and electric power demand during outages as an additional stream of revenue. We use real world power outage and taxi data from San Francisco for our case study, modeling the optimal dispatch of several fleet sizes over the course of one day; we examine both moderate and extreme outage scenarios. In the moderate scenario, the revenue earned serving power demand is negligible compared with revenue earned serving passenger trips. In the extreme scenario, supplying power accounts for between $1 and $2 million, amounting to between 32% and 40% more revenue than is earned serving mobility only, depending on fleet size. While the overall value of providing on-demand power depends on the frequency and severity of power outages, our results show that serving power demand during large-scale outages can provide a substantial value stream, comparable to the value to be earned providing grid services.
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