Introduction Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is characterized by impairing symptoms of inattention and/or hyperactivity/impulsivity. Although Emotional Dysregulation (ED) is not current criteria for ADHD, several clinical, imaging and genetic studies have been suggesting its inclusion. ED seems to impair social and occupational capacities, leading to poor quality life. In this regard, managing this situation is fundamental. Objectives ED in ADHD review and its management, including pharmacological and nonpharmacological approaches. Methods Non-systematic review through literature using databases as Pubmed and UpToDate. Keywords used: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Emotional Dysregulation, management, pharmacotherapy. Results Literature refers to ADHD drugs, such as psychostimulants and atomoxetine, as the first line managing ED. However, some studies demonstrated that ADHD drugs have lower efficacy while treating emotional symptoms, when compared to attention or hyperactivity/impulsivity symptom control. Other medications, such as antidepressants or mood stabilizers, are not considered due to low efficacy and side effects (such as irritability or suicidality behaviour worsening). Regarding non pharmacological approaches, there have been results with cognitive behavioral treatment, and management techniques for anger, frustration and communication skills. Conclusions Although the majority of studies demonstrate psychostimulants and atomoxetine role, there is an important lack of information regarding management of ADHD emotional dysregulation. It is a multifactorial condition, and, as such, non pharmacological and pharmacological management are needed to address this issue. More research is necessary, in order to improve patients’ quality of life. Disclosure No significant relationships.
Introduction Schizophrenia is a complex and multifactorial psychiatric condition characterized by thought, speech, perception and behaviour disorders, and social and occupational impairment. It has been related that viral prenatal infection may contribute to schizophrenia development. As such, there are some hypotheses regarding SARS-Cov-2 prenatal infection and its potential relation with “future” offspring schizophrenia. Objectives Literature review of schizophrenia development and relation with viral infections, and data research of COVID-19 neurotropic effects. Methods Non-systematic review through literature using databases as Pubmed and UpToDate. Keywords used: schizophrenia, prenatal, viral infection, COVID-19, SARS-Cov-2. Results Several studies had shown a relationship between prenatal viral infections, such as Influenza, and development of schizophrenia in the offspring. It relates with viral neurotropism mechanisms and inflammatory processes in the fetal neurology system. Regarding SARS-Cov-2, it is early to assume a relation between prenatal COVID-19 and offspring schizophrenia development. However, literature describes psychiatric manifestations post COVID, such as psychotic and manic episodes. As such, a SARS-Cov-2 neurotropic effect is demonstrated. Conclusions Schizophrenia has a multifactorial etiology. Since prenatal viral infections may interfere and contribute to schizophrenia development, it is logical to assume prenatal SARS-Cov-2 infection may also contribute. It may be relevant to investigate whether these offspring will manifest schizophrenia symptoms. Disclosure No significant relationships.
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