Objective The aim of the present study is to evaluate the urinary KIM-1 level in the patients after 24 h angiography as a predictive biomarker of contrast-induced acute kidney injury. Methods This study included 80 selective patients attending in the cardiology unit (48 males, 32 females). The study was conducted in the cardiac catheterization unit at Al-Hussein Medical City/ Kerbala. Clinical examination and laboratory investigations were made before and 24 h after angiography, these investigations include: serum creatinine, blood urea and estimated GFR. Urinary KIM-1 was measured before and after 24 h angiography. Results There was no significant difference in urinary KIM-1 when compared between CIN and non CIN group P > 0.05. The level of urinary KIM-1 increased in the patients after 24 h of angiography when compared with baseline level of P < 0.001. Conclusion Urinary KIM-1 was not useful for predicting or detecting CIN. But urinary KIM-1 level may be useful as a biomarker for tubular damage following intravascular administration of contrast media, 24 h.
In recent years, the curiosity to investigate the relationship between gut microbiota and diabetes development has increased. Evidence from previous studies suggests that gut microbiota manipulation may assure to prevent diabetes development in future, primarily in susceptible individuals. Here, we reviewed special gut microbiota types proposing development of Type 1 (T1D) and Type 2 diabetes (T2D) in humans and laboratory animals. The available data we found are still inconclusive and required more attention in discriminating specific groups of gut microbiomes strongly indicating T1D and T2D development or prevention. Further, we suggested for the first time to study the gut microbiota in different ways to find the root cause of diabetes development.
Background: Studies found inconsistent relationship between glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in diabetes. Hence, population based studies are warranted. This study was aimed to find out the prevalence of good glycemic control and correlation of HbA1c level with eGFR in male and female type 2 diabetes patients. Methods: A cross sectional study was designed among type 2 diabetes patients. Medical records of patients’ in the inclusion criteria were abstracted for demographic characteristics, HbA1c and serum creatinine level. Patients were grouped into male and female and further sub grouped as with or without good glycemic control (HbA1c ≤ 7%). Data were statistically analyzed.Results: A total of 465 diabetes patients (186 males and 279 females) were included. Among the total, more female patients were in good glycemic (p=0.0008) control. Gender wise comparison showed that HbA1c level was statistically significant between male and female patients in age groups below 60 years (p<0.05). HbA1c level, at >7%, showed an inverse correlation with eGFR in both male (r=- 0.3208, p=0.0008) and female patients (r =-0.3680, p<0.0001). For every 1% rise in HbA1c, eGFR declined by 10 ml/min/1.73 m2 in males and 13 ml/min/1.73 m2 in females.Conclusions: More female patients were in good glycemic control. HbA1c level above 7% showed an inverse correlation with eGFR in both male and female patients. For every 1% rise in HbA1c, the eGFR declined by 10 ml/min/1.73 m2 in male and 13 ml/min/1.73 m2 in female patients.
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