The present study aimed to develop a kinetically stable nanoemulsion of artemether with improved solubility, stability and oral bioavailability. Nanoemulsion was prepared by ultrasonication technique using internal oil phase (consisted of the drug dissolved in coconut oil and span 80) and external phase (comprising tween 80 and ethanol dissolved in water). The formulations were optimized using various parameters like percentage transmittance, refractive index, drug content, viscosity, zeta potential and release rate. Stability studies were conducted for a period of 90 days using stability chambers. In vivo studies of the developed formulations were conducted on Wistar rats and data were analyzed statistically. The nanoemulsion as observed under transmission electron microscope were found to be spherical in shape with an average size of 79.0 nm and a zeta potential of -15 mV which indicated of good electrokinetic stability of nanoemulsion . Nanoemulsion was found to be clear and transparent in appearance with a percentage transmittance of 98.2. Refractive index of 1.32 of the nanoemulsion indicated the isotropic nature of the drug. Release rate of the drug from the nanoemulsion formulation was found to be quite significant (P < 0.001) as compared to the plain drug. In vivo oral bioavailability of the nanoemulsion formulation was found to be 2.6-fold higher than the plain drug (˜ 40%) as observed from pharmacokinetic studies. Thus it was observed that nanoemulsion proved itself as a promising alternate for improving the bioavailability of artemether.
The main aim of current investigation is to formulate and evaluate transferosomal gel for effective transdermal delivery of repaglinide. Repaglinide is an oral anti hyperglycemic agent used for the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). The pre formulation study was carried out initially in terms of identification (physical appearance, melting point and IR spectra), solubility study and λ max determination. The transfersomes were formulated by modified hand shaking method using surfactant such as Span 80 and Tween 80 in various concentrations and evaluated for their vesicle shape and type, entrapment efficiency, % drug content and In vitro drug permeation study. The shapes of most repaglinide containing transfersomes were found to be spherical from SEM analysis. The % entrapment efficiency of deformable vesicles formulations were found to be in the range of 82.51 % to 87.69 %. Entrapment efficiency of the RT6 formulation was high (maximum 87.69 %). In-vitro skin permeation study studies showed that, transfersome gels were found to increase the skin permeation and deposition showing a controlled effect. Stability studies were performed for RT-6 Transferosomes to study effect of different temperature conditions on percent entrapment and optimized gel formulation to study content uniformity and physical appearance for a period of 3 months respectively. Finally, in light of the current data, it can be concluded that transferosomes were a promising candidate for transdermal delivery, to prolong the release and to improve the site specificity of the drug repaglinide.
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