Chromosomal inversion polymorphism has been study in different natural and experimental populations of Drosophila species. D pseudoobscura first studies in Mexico started during the late 30?s of last century, here are shown the relative frequencies of 48 populations in a period of 40 years with a grand total of 7266 third chromosomes analyzed. Globally in those populations a total of 26inversions are present, in most cases their genetic structure is built by five main gene arrangements and three to six in minor frequencies not reaching a particular one more than six percent. This study includes the description of 15new inversions reported else were. The most frequent gene arrangements found were TL, CU, SC, EP and OA thatglobally represent about the 90%of the whole sample. Remaining 21 inversions were found with individual frequencies varying from one to six per cent reaching in general the remaining 10%. In some areas the dominant inversions are CH. AR. ST and PP. in some areas. Important goals of this study are the discovery and description of 15 new gene arrangements as well new species description, D. cuauhtemoci. All of them reported else were.
Relative frequencies for heterozygous inversions in nine populations of D. nebulosa and six of D. willistoni were analyzed. The analysis corresponds to a grand total of 1828 arm chromosomes in which their genotype were determined, of them 404 correspond for each one of the two polymorphic chromosomes, X and III, of D. nebulosa and 204 per chromosome arm in D. willistoni. The more abundant inversions, according to their relative frequencies in D. nebulosa were the XL inversion with 7.9 % and inversion “A” in the third chromosome with 15.6 %, the remaining inversion found did not reach the ten percent. In the case of D. willistoni the more frequent inversions were for the XL arm inversions “A” and “D” with 13.7 and 12.2 percent respectively the remaining five did not reach a ten percent; in the XR arm the higher frequencies were for inversions “D” and “E” with 9.3 % each been the other four inversions with values less than five percent; in the IIL arm none of the seven inversions registered had values higher than six percent; inversion “E” in the IIR arm showed a frequency of 24.5 % and the five remaining barely reached a frequency of 5 %; among the 12 different inversions recorded in the third chromosome, only inversion “B” surpassed the ten percent in this case with 16.1 %. We must mention that the Standar sequence in all cases, for both species, always had high frequencies as shown in Tables II and III. The corresponding variability for this characteristic is for D. nebulosa 61.4 %.and 72.2% for D.willitoni. Concerning other parameter observed we have the average number of inversions per female in our case for D. nebulosa was 1.4 and for D. willistoni 3.6 which indicate the both species are marginal with respect to the distribution of this character in both species since in the central areas of distribution reach values up to nine inversions per female
Departing from a previous study on the genetic loads affecting the second chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster in four natural populations, 171 lethal chromosomes were recovered and maintained as a balanced stocks in the condition Cy L / 1 (l=lethal); of those lethais 24 correspond to population A, 50 to populations B and C and 47 to population D. later on an intra-population allelism test for the four populations was performed for each one. A total of 3807 inter lethal crosses were done yielding a total of i 10 allelic combinations, from them the respective percentage of allelism for each population was calculated and they are as follow: 3.98 % for population A, 1.80 % for population B, 3.67 % for population C and 2.96 % for population D. the observed values for the frequency of allelism in these populations are not significantly different from those reported by other authors in similar studies in natural and/or experimental populations. Beside these values the frequency for singles, doubles, triplets and even quadruplets present in each population were determined, they shown the presence of various complementation maps due to the clustering of few different lethals: also a large complementation map formed by a large cluster involving the presence of 26 different lethals found in population D all of them combined constituting a single unit was found
Sex-ratio (proportion of males) in a species is related to a not entirely explained mechanism of sex determination. In Drosophila, sex is determined by the proportion of X chromosomes vs. autosomes. A decrease in the proportion of males vs. females, known as sex-ratio, is characteristic to several Drosophila species, and is related to an inversion in the sexual chromosome the so called “sex-ratio” (SR) condition. In this occasion we study the presence of that inversion in several populations of Drosophila pseudoobscura from Mexico. With this purpose we did collections of this species on Nevado de Colima,Col., Valparaíso, Zac, Zirahuén, Mich., Tulancingo, Hgo. and Amecameca, Mex. Flies were captured in nature and carried to the laboratory were individual cultures of each female were established, when the offsprig emerged salivary glands of a single larva from each culture were extracted and stained with an aceto-orcein solution and the corresponding genotype for the third and sex chromosome determined and their relative frequencies calculated. The corresponding frequencies of the “sex-ratio” inversion in the localities analyzed were: Nevado de Colima 21.8 %, Valparaiso 18.8 %, Zirahuén 11.4 %, Tulancingo 6.8 % and Amecameca 6.8 %. Apparently an East-West cline distribution is present in these populations. Relative frequencies for inversions in the third chomosome were recorded and relationships between third and X chromosomes inversions performed. Comparisons with similar studies on this and other species are pointed out
Samples of D. pseudoobscura were taken in seventeen localities in Central Mexico inside the parallels 18o - 20o N, with the purpose of determine the chromosomal polymorphism in the third of the different populations of this species. From each captured female a single larva of its offspring was taken, its salivary glands extracted and stained with a solution of aceto orcein to observe the polytene chromosomes. From these smears the corresponding karyotype of each larva was determined, keeping a record of them. With the information gathered the relative frequency of each one of the fourteen different inversions found was calculated. A grand total of 1894 third chromosomes were analyzed. The fourteen different inversions found are equivalent to a 34.1 % of the total chromosomal variation of the species. The most abundant inversions found were: TL 50.6 %, CU 27.2 5, SC 9.1 % and EP 5.5 %; the remaining ten inversions detected are in general grounds rare ones with variable relative frequencies depending on the locality. Analysis of the predominant inversions for each population was done. The presence of West-East gradients is reported, even if in cases not so well defined, since as one moves in a particular direction the ups and downs in relative frequency for the alternating pairs TL-CU; TL-SC in the western populations and TL-CU in the eastern ones were observed. The assignment of each population to a particular race was also done, and such a way we were able to recognize three different races coexisting in the area of study
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