Biological products for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis usually are cost effective for healthcare systems in Europe, but they are huge financial burden due to the high number of patients and the significant budget impact. The expected saving from introduction on the market of biosimilars are significant and are linked to better access and affordability. The aim of this study was to conduct comparative price analysis of biological products for rheumatoid arthritis therapy among seventeen EU countries. The point of view is that of the Bulgarian pricing and reimbursement system and the chosen countries are those from external reference basket for prices comparison at manufacturing level. All authorized biological products by EMA with therapeutic indication rheumatoid arthritis were selected. The access for treatment is evaluated as the availability of the product on the market and the prices level. We assessed the availability of all trade names in the price lists of the observed countries. The prices data was obtained from the official web pages of the responsible institutions up to date December 2017. The results show that four out of all six INNs have authorized biosimilars in EMA. Despite its earlier authorization biosimilar adalimumab is not present in any of the price lists of countries. From all eighteen countries only in Lithuania and Estonia there were no published prices of any of the selected medicinal products. Countries with higher number of biosimilar prices are Spain and France. Differences in manufacturers’ prices of reference biological products in selected countries in comparison with the lowest manufacturer price are higher with 22 to 69% while the retail prices between 62 and 95%. Differences are mostly notable for rituximab, and less notable for tocilizumab. Manufacturers’ and retail prices of biosimilar products were established only for three INNs (etanercept, rituximab, and infliximab). Manufacturers’ prices differ between 26 and 75%, while retail prices differ between 40 and 92% for biosimilars. Comparison of the differences between manufacturer prices of reference biological product and biosimilars shows 36% difference for etanercept, 39% for rituximab, and 31% for infliximab, while at retail level the differences are 11, 86, and 143%, respectively. The limitation of the study is that the prices are the official ones without discounts due to confidentiality and the real prices may be lower. The second limitation is that the methodology for pricing differs in the countries and this could also influence the prices on both levels (manufacturer and retail). Introduction of biosimilars on the national markets led to significant decrease in reimbursed prices paid by public funds and thus might benefit the patients’ access to biological therapy. The decrease of prices after biosimilars entrance on the market is not as notable as for commodity generics.
Исследование относится к актуальному направлению использования эффективных окислительных процессов для деградации органических загрязнителей сточных вод. Синтезированы образцы полифенилферросилоксана и композиты на основе биогенного диоксида кремния, получаемого из рисовой шелухи, и полифенилферросилоксана с различным соотношением. Наличие функциональных групп на поверхности композитов исследовано методом ИК-спектроскопии. Исследована каталитическая активность полученных образцов в реакции деградации метилового оранжевого (рН = 6,8) в условиях УФ-облучения и в присутствии пероксида водорода. Показано, что композит с соотношением полиферрофенилсилоксана к диоксиду кремния, равном 1 : 1, отличается высокой каталитической активностью и стабильностью работы в реакции деградации метилового оранжевого в условиях эксперимента. Данный материал может быть использован как недорогой и экологичный Фентон-подобный катализатор для очистки сточных вод от стойких органических загрязнителей. The study is performed in line with a currently topical trend of using Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) for degradation of organic pollutants in wastewater. Samples of polyphenylferrosiloxane and composites on the basis of biogenic silica obtained from rice husk, and polyphenylferrosiloxane with different component ratios have been synthesized. The presence of functional groups on the surface of composites is studied by IR spectroscopy. The catalytic activity of the obtained samples in the degradation reaction of methyl orange (pH = 6.8) under UV irradiation and in the presence of hydrogen peroxide has been studied. It is shown that the composite with the 1 : 1 ratio of polyphenylferrosiloxane to silicon dioxide is characterized by high catalytic activity and stable functioning in the degradation reaction of methyl orange under experimental conditions. The obtained material can be used as an inexpensive and eco-friendly Fenton-like catalyst for efficient removal of persistent organic pollutants from wastewater.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.