Sites in the West Siberian peat bog 'Bakchar' were acidic (pH 4.2-4.8), low in nutrients, and emitted CH4 at rates of 0.2-1.5 mmol m(-2) h(-1). The vertical profile of delta13CH4 and delta13CO2 dissolved in the porewater indicated increasing isotope fractionation and thus increasing contribution of H2/CO2-dependent methanogenesis with depth. The anaerobic microbial community at 30-50 cm below the water table produced CH4 with optimum activity at 20-25 degrees C and pH 5.0-5.5 respectively. Inhibition of methanogenesis with 2-bromo-ethane sulphonate showed that acetate, phenyl acetate, phenyl propionate and caproate were important intermediates in the degradation pathway of organic matter to CH4. Further degradation of these intermediates indicated that 62-72% of the CH4 was ultimately derived from acetate, the remainder from H2/CO2. Turnover times of [2-14C]acetate were on the order of 2 days (15, 25 degrees C) and accounted for 60-65% of total CH4 production. Conversion of 14CO2 to 14CH4 accounted for 35-43% of total CH4 production. These results showed that acetoclastic and hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis operated closely at a ratio of approximately 2 : 1 irrespective of the incubation temperature (4, 15 and 25 degrees C). The composition of the archaeal community was determined in the peat samples by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis and sequencing of amplified SSU rRNA gene fragments, and showed that members of Methanomicrobiaceae, Methanosarcinaceae and Rice cluster II (RC-II) were present. Other, presumably non-methanogenic archaeal clusters (group III, RC-IV, RC-V, RC-VI) were also detected. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) showed that the number of Bacteria decreased (from 24 x 10(7) to 4 x 10(7) cells per gram peat) with depth (from 5 to 55 cm below the water table), whereas the numbers of Archaea slightly increased (from 1 x 10(7) to 2 x 10(7) cells per gram peat). Methanosarcina spp. accounted for about half of the archaeal cells. Our results show that both hydrogenotrophic and acetoclastic methanogenesis are an integral part of the CH4-producing pathway in acidic peat and were represented by appropriate methanogenic populations.

Methane production and archaeal community composition were studied in samples from an acidic peat bog incubated at different temperatures and pH values. H 2 -dependent methanogenesis increased strongly at the lowest pH, 3.8, and Methanobacteriaceae became important except for Methanomicrobiaceae and Methanosarcinaceae. An acidophilic and psychrotolerant Methanobacterium sp. was isolated using H 2 -plus-CO 2 -supplemented medium at pH 4.5.Wetlands are considered to be the largest natural sources of atmospheric CH 4 . Acidic peatlands are the most typical type of northern wetlands and are responsible for about 60% of total wetland emission (26). Peat bogs are characterized by low concentrations of mineral salts, low pH, and low temperature. Various factors have been identified as important controls of methanogenesis, with temperature, water table level, and content of organic matter being the most notable ones (4,9,12,27,32,35,38). However, there is little information on how pH influences the composition and functioning of the methanogenic community.In peatlands, hydrogentrophic methanogenesis is the predominant pathway of CH 4 formation, especially in deeper layers, accounting for 50 to 100% of total CH 4 production (12,18,28,40). However, acetoclastic methanogenesis has also been found to play an important role in acidic bogs (1, 2, 21). Relatively little is known about the archaeal communities inhabiting peatlands. Recent studies of different wetlands revealed the presence of methanogens belonging to the Methanomicrobiaceae, Methanobacteriaceae, Methanococcaceae, Methanosarcinaceae, and Methanosaetaceae as well as new archaeal lineages within the Euryarchaeota (3,7,8,13,17,34,36,37). However, the role of the methanogenic populations in CH 4 production under different in situ conditions is unknown.Attempts to isolate acidophilic or acidotolerant methanogens in pure culture have failed until very recently, although acid-tolerant enrichment cultures have been reported (6,11,15,34,41). It was only after we finished our study that Bräuer and coworkers reported the successful isolation of a moderately acidophilic methanogen belonging to the Methanomicrobiales order (5).The aim of the present study was to investigate how high acidity and low temperature can affect the functioning of the methanogenic community, its structure, and, hence, methane production in a peat bog, as well as to obtain a pure culture of an acidophilic methanogen. We used the same bog samples as in our previous study (21).We obtained peat samples from Bakchar Bog, which is located in West Siberia (57°N, 83°E). The main unforested part of the bog is covered with continuous Sphagnum moss and patches of vascular plants (Carex, Menyanthes, and Equisetum spp.). The detailed location of the bog and structure of the plant community have been described earlier (21, 29). The samples were taken in July 1999 at a depth of 30 to 50 cm below the water table from the site covered with Equisetum. The peat pH values were in a range of 3.5 to 5.5, with pH 4.8 at t...

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A new psychrophilic, anaerobic, acetogenic bacterium from the tundra wetland soil of Polar Ural is described. The organism fermented H2/CO2, formate, methanol, and several sugars to acetate as the sole end-product. The temperature range for growth was 1-30 degrees C with an optimum at 20 degrees C. The bacterium showed no growth at 32 degrees C. Cells were gram-positive, oval-shaped, flagellated rods 0.7-1.l x 1.1-4.0 microm in size when grown at 1-20 degrees C. At 25-30 degrees C, the cell size increased up to 2-3 x 10-15 microm due to a defect in cell division. The DNA G+C content of the organism was 39.2 mol%. Based upon 16S rDNA analysis and DNA-DNA reassociation studies, the organism was classified in the genus Acetobacterium as a new species, for which the name Acetobacterium tundrae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is Z-4493 (=DSM 9173T).

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