Requirements to gyroscopes of strapdown inertial navigation systems for aircraft application are formulated. The construction of a ring helium -neon laser designed for autonomous navigation is described. The processes that determine the laser service life and the relation between the random error of the angular velocity measurement and the surface relief features of the cavity mirrors are analysed. The results of modelling one of the promising approaches to processing the laser gyroscope signals are presented.

A new approach for analysis of atomic-force microscopy (AFM) images of ultrasmooth surfaces is developed. Decomposition of AFM image into three components is the base of the approach. Each component represents a characteristic feature of the surface relief. It allows obtaining statistically reliable quantitative characterization of ultrasmooth surface topography. The decomposition makes it possible to predict the reflective properties of multilayer interference coating deposited onto a glass ceramics substrate as early as at the stage of the substrate treatment. The developed technique and direct measurements of integral light scattering showed that polishing glass ceramic substrate with gas cluster ions before the reflective coating deposition results in smoother surface. Consequently, we improved reflective properties of the mirrors.

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