Supplies of fresh water in everyday life has increased, but the smaller the potential sources of water so we need to think of alternative uses of water for concrete construction work. This study aims to compare the compressive strength of concrete using sea water and fresh water with water cement ratio of 0.37. An experimental research was conducted by making specimens of concrete cylinder with a diameter of 150 mm and height of 300 mm. The study used specimens of concrete using sea water and fresh water. There were 32 specimens for each kind of concrete. The treatment of each specimen used sea water and fresh water in accordance with the type of mixing water. The immersion periods were 1, 3, 7 and 28 days. Mechanical testing of concrete was conducted by testing the compressive strength and elasticity, while the testing of concrete microstructure was conducted by using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scan Electron Microscopy (SEM). The results revealed that in the 28-day immersion period. The compressive strength values of the sea water concrete and fresh water concrete were 44.88 MPa and 44.03 Mpa respectively. The difference of compressive strength in the two types of concrete was not significant. The result of microstructure test in the 28-day period revealed that in the sea water concrete, there was a formation of Friedel’s salt (3CaO.Al2O3.CaCl2.10H2O) of 7.71%, tobemorite (3CaO.2SiO2.3H2O) of 58.66% and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) of 6.18%. In the fresh water concrete, there was a formation of tobermorite (3CaO.2SiO2.3H2O) of 51.35%, and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) of 22%. There was no formation of Friedel’s salt in the fresh water concrete because there was no mutual reaction between chloride and calcium hydroxide elements. From the regression analysis, showed that the difference of microstructure compressive strength differences caused by differences in the microstructure of the content of the two types of concrete.
Ageing of asphalt mixture occurs during the production and construction, and it will continue until the end of the pavement lifetime. Modified Butonic bitumen consists of petroleum bitumen and extracted bitumen from natural asphalt was used as a binding material to produce asphalt concrete binder course (AC-BC). This study purposed to predict the effect of long-term ageing on volumetric parameters of asphalt concrete binder course mixture using an artificial laboratory test. Three different treatments were conducted, the first treatment without the ageing process as the control specimen, the second and third treatments used oven heating as the artificial ageing process for 2 and 4 days 85°C. After ageing process completion, the volumetric parameters were determined by the value of the void in the mixture (VIM), void of mineral aggregates (VMA) and the void filled with asphalt binder (VFB).
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