Different Borrelia species and serotypes were tested for their sensitivity to serum complement from various animals and human. Complement-mediated Borrelia killing in cattle, European bison and deer was higher irrespective of the Borrelia species whereas in other animals and human it was intermediate and Borrelia species-dependent. Activation of the alternative complement pathway by particular Borrelia strain was in correlation with its sensitivity or resistance. These results support the incompetent reservoir nature of cattle, European bison, red, roe and fallow deer, at the same time present the probable reservoir nature of mouflon, dog, wolf, cat and lynx. In short, this study reviews Borrelia-host relationship and its relevance in reservoir competence nature of animals.
ABSTRACT:The studies aimed at monitoring development of phagocytic and bactericidal activity in carps in the course of their ontogenetic development. The studies were performed using the techniques described by Mantur et al. (1986a, b), adapted to fish. Results were expressed in thrombocyte phagocytic index (Ipt), percentage of phagocyting thrombocytes (%tp), percentage of ingested bacteria (%bp) and in the index of intracellular killing by thrombocytes (Ibt). Number of thrombocytes was also examined using the technique of Dessi. Results of testing thrombocyte capacity to ingest the standard Staphylococcus aureus 209P strain showed that Ipt and %tp increased gradually in carps between the age of 3 and 17 months. In older carps, 19 to 29 months of age, as well as in spawners the growth in activity paralelled the ontogenetic development within Ipt values while %tp values remained at a similar level. Phagocytic activity of thrombocytes expressed in Ipt was reflected also by %bp values, which was particularly evident in fish aging 23 months to 5 years. In the case of Ibt, values of the index were not related in any way to stage of ontogeny or sex of the fish. Number of thrombocytes in carps aged 3 months to 5 years was increasing in parallel to their ontogenetic development.
Carps suffering from acute form of brachiomycosis (age: 2 months), chronic form of brachionecrosis cyprinorum (age: 12 months), acute form of erythrodermatitis (age: 23 and 28 months) or chronic form of erythrodermatitis (age: 23 months) were studied. The level of thrombocytes in carps with acute forms of the diseases was significantly lower than that in healthy carps. The inverse pattern was observed in carps with chronic forms of the diseases. Carps suffering from the acute form of erythrodermatitis (age: 23 and 28 months) demonstrated no differences in the level of thrombocytes which could be related to age or body weight of the animals. Index of thrombocyte ingesting ability and percent of ingesting thrombocytes were lowered in sick carps as compared to carp of control groups. A significant decrease in the parameters was disclosed, however, only in carps with acute forms of the diseases. Similarly to the level of thrombocytes, neither did the level of their ingesting ability demonstrate any differences which could be related to the age of carps suffering from the acute form of erythrodermatitis.
Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, is endemic in most of the regions in Europe. Pathogen circulates in nature involving ticks vector (mainly Ixodes ricinus in Europe) and wide spectrum of reservoir animals like rodents, game animals, birds as well as pets. Considering the close association of a dog and humans, and their similar activities in nature, it is necessary to evaluate the significance of a dog as an important animal in ecology and epidemiology of Lyme borreliosis. Antibody profile in Lyme disease is the most characteristic feature in dogs that helps to evaluate the changes in disease prevalence in particular area and helps to assess the risk factors for human. The article reviews overall eco-epidemiological importance of dogs in Lyme disease surveillance.
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