Abstract:In the territory of the Czech Republic there are more than 50% of agricultural soils exposed to water erosion; it is a very urgent problem both at present and for the future. It must be solved now when there is still something to be protected. It is rather complicated to describe the soil properties in terms of soil susceptibility to water erosion because it is a complex relation in which many factors participate. For the complex evaluation of all main factors participating in erosion origination it is possible to apply the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE). It consists of six factors interacting with each other and participating in the origination of soil erosion. One of these factors is the soil erodibility factor (K-factor), the revision of which for soil conditions of the CR is the subject of this study. In total ca. 5000 soil pits from the whole territory of the country were processed and evaluated in detail. The main results of this study are K-factor values (means and variances) for the soil types, subtypes and varieties (represented in the database) according to the Taxonomic Classification System of Soils of the Czech Republic.
Abstract:The effect of erosion and erosion control measures on changes in the amount of organic matter in soil was studied. We investigated the influence of organic matter inputs into the soil on surface runoff, soil erosion and soil erodibility (K-factor), including the monitoring of carbon dynamics, as a result of torrential rains. The research was conducted on experimental plots in Třebsín site. Erosion leads to soil carbon loss and subsequently to increasing concentrations of carbon in sediments (enrichment ratio). We can conclude from the results that the input of organic matter into the soil (especially farmyard manure) significantly contributes to a decrease in surface runoff and soil loss and also to a reduction of carbon leaching into sediments; so it contributes to carbon sequestration into the soil.
A methodology is presented for identifying and assessing source areas of sediment, phosphorus and nitrate emissions into surface waters and river systems of the South Baltic unconsolidated rock region by water erosion. This task is included into the characterization of the pressures and impacts in river basins as an important milestone in implementing the EC Water Framework Directive set out by 2004. The Nutrient Input Into River Systems (NIIRS) approach has been developed and tested in the Odra river basin in Poland, Czech Republic and Germany. Mesoscale distributed analyses are facilitated for identifying erosion risk areas with non-point phosphorus and nitrate inputs into water bodies via surface flow. Using statistical information and available geodata, analyses are based on empirical (NIIRS), but preferably process-oriented modelling (EROSION-3D). Thus, besides better understanding the system behaviour, detailed quantitative knowledge of spatial nutrient export rates from potential source areas will be acquired. The application of the distributed approaches is demonstrated in the entire Odra River basin and its sub-catchment Uecker River. Additionally spatial effects are shown for the field scale transfer of eroded material in the Uecker sub-catchment by using the physically based model EROSION-3D. Scenario calculations incorporated into a Geographical Information System (GIS) environment are feasible for estimating the development of erosion risk as well as N and P loads entering water bodies. Supplemented by impact analyses of land use changes, the methodology can serve as physical precondition for the cost-benefit oriented allocation of mitigation strategies.
Kadlec V., Žížala D., Novotný I., Heřmanovská D., Kapička J., Tippl M.: Land consolidations as an effective instrument in soil conservation. Ekológia (Bratislava), Vol. 33, No. 2, p. 188-200, 2014.In the Czech Republic, more than 50% of agricultural land is threatened by water erosion, which is tremendously increasing during last couple of years. Therefore, it is necessary to deal with soil conservation as soon as possible. Land consolidations (LCs) are thus an important tool for implementation of soil, water and landscape conservation measures. It is possible to arrange land ownerships by them. They also arrange land spatially and functionally, provide availability of parcels and their land use in public interest. Besides that, environmental improvement, soil conservation, water management and increase in landscape ecological stability supplement the use of LCs. The results of soil consolidations serve for renewal of cadastral records and for the backgrounds for landscape planning. The aim of the research was to evaluate the selected site (district Plzeň - South) with regard to the amounts and limits of proposed and implemented measures in LC process. The research was processed on the basis of detailed analysis regarding erosion risk and runoff conditions in GIS compared with the previous data (before LC).
Abstract:The evaluation of a series of ombrographic records from 13 selected stations of Czech Hydrometeorological Institute provided long-term annual summation values and annual peaks of the rainfallrunoff erosivity factor R in the USLE. The evaluation indicated that by defining an erosive rainfall event as (a) rainfall ≥ 12.5 mm or (b) rainfall intensity > 6 mm per 15 minutes, there were on average 8 erosive rainfall events per station, varying from 1 to 25. The long-term summation values of R factor were in the range of 42 to 106 (average 66) and annual peaks ranged from 19 to 38 (average 29). If the criteria (a) and (b) were to be fulfilled simultaneously, there were on average more than 2 erosive rainfall events per year per station, the number varying from 0 to 12. The long-term summation values of R factor ranged from 25 to 67 (average 45), with annual peaks from 17 to 36 (average 27.5). The long-term investigations of soil losses by erosion on experimental runoff plots, near Třebsín (Prague-West district), caused by storms, reveal that these losses were mostly caused by rainfall events satisfying both criteria (a) and (b) at the same time. The results of this investigation suggest that the average value of the erosivity factor R = 20 recommended for the Czech Republic until now should be increased to R = 45 and/or 66, which in practical terms would necessitate more stringent conservation measures.
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