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We report on a rare case of massive incarcerated inguinoscrotal bladder herniation in a direct hernia and present the review of the literature on urological findings in relation to the inguinal hernial sac. The English-based literature was searched using the words inguinal hernia, bladder, ureter, diverticule, and incarceration and discussed in relation to the present case. We found 190 cases of inguinal hernia associated with urological findings, such as herniation of the bladder, ureter, and diverticulum. We also found that 11.2% of these hernias were associated with urological malignancies and 23.5% of these were associated with a variety of complications. The high-risk patients, who are males, obese, older than 50 years and who have symptoms that indicate urological pathologies to a physician, are more likely to be in the high-risk group for bladder herniation.

De novo malignancies are one of the current problems in patients with organ transplantation. The incidence has been considered to be higher as a result of increases of oncogenic viruses in immunosuppressed organ recipients. Published reports have shown increased incidence of de novo tumors such as malignant lymphomas and cutaneous neoplasms but decreased incidence of breast cancer. A variety of factors affect de novo breast cancer development in organ recipients, including immunosuppression, viruses, and underlying disease. The aims of this review are to evaluate the incidence and management of patients with de novo breast cancer by giving the University of Pittsburgh's data, and to evaluate the incidence of de novo breast cancer in published reports in light of an age-adjusted rate. According to age-adjusted rates presented by the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results data, we found increased incidence rate of de novo breast cancer in the previously published series. The University of Pittsburgh's incidence rate of de novo breast cancer was determined in a fashion similar to that for the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results data. Eighty-three percent of all patients were diagnosed at early stages, and it appeared to take longer for de novo breast cancer to develop in patients treated with tacrolimus than in patients treated with cyclosporine. In conclusion, surgical treatment of breast cancer in liver recipients is the same as treatment of breast cancer in patients without transplantation. However, the effects of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and/or tamoxifen remain unclear in transplanted patients and need to be evaluated in larger studies. (Liver Transpl 2004;10:1-6.) D e novo malignancies are considered one of the serious long-term complications of organ transplantation. McKhann first reported the increased incidence of de novo malignancies, an observation confirmed shortly thereafter by others. 1-4 A variety of factors are considered responsible for the development of de novo malignancies, such as the intensity of the immunosuppressive therapy, the type of transplant, and the use of different immunosuppressive agents. The most frequent cancers among these tumors are malignant lymphomas and cutaneous neoplasms. The observed rate of incidence of de novo malignancies in patients with transplantation range from 4.1% to 16% in different series. 5-8 Although decreased incidence of de novo breast cancers (BCs) has been reported in the transplant literature, 9,10 there are contradictory data concerning the incidence of BC in those patients compared with the overall population. Some previous studies indicate that the incidence of commonly seen tumors such as carcinoma of the breast is not increased in the transplant population. 10 -12 MEDLINE SearchOur review of published data on the incidence of de novo cancers following transplantation was based on English-language articles in the MEDLINE database. For this purpose, all published reports between 1963-2003 were searched in PubMe...

Aim: It was the aim of this study to develop a simple, effective and reversible model of obstructive jaundice in rats. Material and Method: Totally, 24 rats were divided into 3 groups: the sham group including sham-operated control rats who underwent laparotomy only (n = 8), the common bile duct standard ligation technique (CBD-SL) group including rats with CBD ligation using silk (n = 8), and the CBD new ligation technique (CBD-NL) group consisting of rats with CBD ligation by a new technique (n = 8). After release of the ligations, the CBD-SL group continued as the CBD-SL releasing group, and the CBD-NL group as the CBD-NL releasing group. Results: It was observed that all the CBD ligated rats were both clinically and biochemically jaundiced but they were relieved after reversing the procedure. Conclusion: We present a simple, effective and reliable rat model which is suitable for studies which require a reversal of obstructive jaundice in rats.

Background: To evaluate the time-dependent effects and pathophysiological mechanism of erythropoietin (Epo) on oxidative stress and liver injury resulting from obstructive jaundice in common bile duct-ligated rats. Methods: Wistar Albino rats were divided into 5 groups, each including 8 rats. The sham group underwent laparotomy only, while the Non-Epo-3 and Non-Epo-7 groups underwent common bile duct ligation and were sacrificed 3 and 7 days, respectively, after the operation. The Epo-3 and Epo-7 groups underwent common bile duct ligation and Epo treatment and were sacrificed 3 and 7 days, respectively, after the operation. Blood and tissue samples were collected from all groups for the determination of oxidative injury and hepatocellular damage. Serum total and direct bilirubin levels, alkaline phosphatase, reduced glutathione (GSH), nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA) and white blood cell counts were measured. Results: Significantly higher NO and MDA levels were found in Non-Epo groups than Epo groups. Significantly lower GSH levels were found in the Non-Epo-7 group than the Epo-7 and sham groups. Hepatocellular damage was also found to be reduced in Epo groups. Conclusions: In the present model, while common bile duct ligation increased oxidative injury and hepatocellular damage, treatment with Epo attenuated oxidative injury and hepatocellular damage by decreasing NO and increasing GSH.