K J ,~ = constant characterizing the formation of the jth adsorption layer by molecules of the ith component sorption energies de = dt-] de2 . . . de, K I ,~, K2.0 = equilibrium constants for single (a = Al, B1) and double (6 = AIA, BIB, AIB, &A) associates, respectively pi = partial pressure of the ith component in a gas mixture S = free site on the adsorbent surface Greek Letters v = constant, defined for a multilayer adsorption by y = adsorption energy of the ith component A(m) = nz-dimensional region of possible variations of the adsorption energies of m components @(nz), @(n) = total monolayer and multilayer surface cover-
The feasibility of new solid/liquid separation processes, such as solids removal from oil and certain tertiary oil recovery techniques, can be evaluated by a thermodynamic stability analysis of possible liquid-liquid-particle configurations. The thermodynamic stability and hence feasibility of two possible liquid-liquid-particle separation process is predicted by use of a free energy analysis. Stability is shown to depend primarily on droplet/particle size ratio (n) and three phase contact angle (0). Stability criteria are presented which can be applied to many particle and liquid separation processes. The stability of liquid-liquid-particle systems is of considerable concern in many chemical and energy process applications. Several solids separation processes, for example, rely on the distribution of suspended particles from a bulk liquid phase into a second immiscible liquid phase which is then subsequently separated from the bulk phase prior to removal of the particulates. Examples of such applications include particle removal from oil continuous media using an aqueous solution as the second immiscible liquid and selective removal of cell particles and macromolecules from body fluids by use of a second immiscible liquid.
MALCOLM T. JACQUESOther separation processes utilize a second immiscible liquid to form a bridge between suspended particles resulting in particle agglomeration prior to removal of the solids. Examples of this type of separation process are found in tar sand treatment to remove suspended solids. Selective agglomeration and fractionation techniques are also used for the beneficiation of low grade coals and ores.An increasingly important process area in which the interactions between two immiscible liquids and solid particles play an important role is in the removal oE a liquid phase from the interstices of a densely packed particle matrix. Several tertiary oil recovery techniques, such as surfactant or micellar flooding, utilize a bulk aqueous phase to remove the immiscible oil phase from the interstices of the oil bearing strata.Despite the widespread application and growing demand of new energy based processes for liquid-liquidparticle separations, there is surprisingly little fundamental information available on the mechanisms and parameters which govern such systems. Consequently, a systematic evaluation of possible liquid-liquid-particle separation techniques for new process applications cannot be accomplished without expensive and time consuming trial and error experimentation.This paper attempts to partially redress these shortcomings and presents a general thermodynamic surface-energy analysis, the results of which are used to infer the relative of interest in-separation-process applications. The free energy of an initial equilibrium state consisting of single discrete spherical particles and immiscible liquid droplets dispersed in a bulk liquid phase is evaluated in terms of dispersed droplet/particle size ratio (n), three phase contact angle (e), and liquid-liquid surface tension (7%)...
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.