The article is devoted to the search for differential diagnostic features of appearance that allow an expert level to judge whether an unknown person belongs to the Central or southern local Caucasian race, which is important in the practice of identity identification. Research material: verbal description of the appearance of 116 Central and 64 southern Europeans (Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians; Avars, Abkhazians, Azerbaijanis, Armenians, Dargins, Ingush, Kabardins, Lezgins, Ossetians, etc.). The description of the appearance was made from the back of the head according to the original method, which includes 15 features. Methods of variation statistics were used to process the data obtained. Diagnostic coefficients were calculated for statistically significantly different values (p<0.05). It was found that black hair (8,2), low level of hair growth (3,1), post-traumatic deformation of the auricles (2,1), and hair growth in a counterclockwise curl (2,0) are the most typical for southern Caucasians. Central Caucasians are characterized by light brown (-14,7) or light brown hair (-4,1), moles or freckles on the back of the head or neck (-3,4) egg-shaped head (-2,1), high hair growth (-2,1). It is shown that the set of features allows us to achieve a practically reliable level of solving the problem of the local racial type of an unknown person. A distinctive feature and advantage of the developed feature system is the ability to solve an expert problem in situations where the most informative area in terms of race and diagnostics-the face – is destroyed (if we are talking about an unidentified corpse) or hidden from CCTV cameras (if we are talking about a criminal hiding his appearance).
The article is devoted to the analysis of the current criminal legislation of the Russian Federation in relation to crimes that provide for liability for causing harm to human health, in order to improve expert and legal tools for determining adverse consequences for human health and life. Research material: the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and its comments. Research methods: selection and fixation of information, grouping of data, comparison, analysis and generalization of the identified patterns. As a result of the conducted research, a complete list of articles providing for liability for causing serious (51 in total), moderate (30) and minor harm to health (27) was determined. There are articles in which the severity of the harm to health is not specified (10) or the vague term "significant harm" is used (1). A number of articles (26) have been identified, in which the term "harm to health" is used instead of the term "violence", which is specified in the Decisions of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation or comments to the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation as "harm to health". It is concluded that the concept of harm to health formed in the criminal legislation is broader than the one established in forensic medicine. In the current legislation, there is an abundance and heterogeneity of terms used to describe independent types of adverse effects on human health and life. Unification of the concept of harm caused to human health is required. An original definition of this concept is proposed.
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