Traditional Tar Production from Cedrus libani A. Rich on the Taurus Mountains in Southern Turkey. Cedrus libani A. Rich is a magnificent and sacred tree species native to the eastern Mediterranean region. Today, traditional people in southern Turkey produce wood extract, called katran, from C. libani, and use it to protect wooden structures against insects and fungi, to fight parasites and bacteria, and to heal wounds and cure various diseases in humans and domestic animals, both internally and externally. Here we illustrate traditional methods of producing katran, its use by local people, and its chemical composition.
During a study of bird nesting in SW. Anatolia, 125 man-made nest boxes have been installed, 3 m high, in the trees. These nest boxes have been occupied by several bird species (Phoenicurus phoenicurus, Parus major, Parus ater, Sitta krueperi, Certhia brachydactyla). Of the 48 Redstart nests, 19 (40 %) had been successfully invaded by the bumblebee Bombus niveatus vorticosus. This invasion occurred at different times in the nest building cycle:-during the building of the nest,-during the incubation or-after the hatching of the young. Once installed in the nest of the Redstart, the bumblebee does not directly attack the bird, but disturbs it by continuously rearranging the nesting material and by covering the bird's brood. Eventually, the bird deserts its nest and brood. The Redstart does not display any agonistic behaviour towards the bumblebee. Nests of other bird species are never invaded. Résumé. Expulsion du Rouge-queue à front blanc (Aves : Turdidae : Phoenicurus phoenicurus) hors de son nid par le bourdon Bombus niveatus vorticosus (Hymenoptera : Apidae). Au cours d'une étude sur la nidifi cation des oiseaux au sud-ouest de l'Anatolie, 125 nichoirs artifi ciels ont été installés à 3 m de hauteur dans les arbres. Ces nichoirs ont été occupés par plusieurs espèces d'oiseaux (Phoenicurus phoenicurus, Parus major, Parus ater, Sitta krueperi, Certhia brachydactyla). Sur 48 nids de rouge-queue, 19 (40 %) ont été envahis avec succès par le bourdon Bombus niveatus vorticosus. Cette invasion s'est déroulée à plusieurs stades :-pendant la construction du nid ;-pendant l'incubation ;-après l'éclosion. Une fois installé dans le nid du rouge-queue, le bourdon n'attaque pas directement l'oiseau mais il le dérange continuellement en réarrangeant les matériaux du nid pour recouvrir à la fois son propre couvain et celui de l'oiseau. L'oiseau fi nit par abandonner son nid et sa couvée. Le rouge-queue ne manifeste aucun comportement agressif envers le bourdon. Les nids des autres espèces d'oiseaux observées ne sont jamais envahis.
In order to conserve the last autochthonous population of the European Fallow Deer, Dama dama dama (Linnaeus, 1758), the Turkish Government began a breeding programme at DüzlerçamÕ near Antalya in 1966. The programme began with 7 animals and the numbers continuously increased until the mid-1980s, when they reached over 500 animals. However, the population then collapsed until the year 2000 and did not recover. Today it comprises less than 130 individuals. The reasons for the population collapse are not fully understood but are thought to be a combination of several factors related to increasing human pressure such as urbanisation, recreational activities, and poaching. The population is much below the carrying capacity of the area. Attempts to re-introduce Fallow Deer into other areas of Turkey have not been successful but should be further considered as an option to minimise the risk of extinction, as at present the entire gene pool of the Turkish autochthonous population is concentrated at DüzlerçamÕ.
This research was conducted in two Mediterranean forest study plots (Bu¨k-Lu¨tfi Bu¨yu¨kyıldırım BL and Elmalı Cedarforest EZ) near Antalya, Turkey, between 2000 and 2002. Adult redstarts fed their nestlings exclusively with insects (79.5%). Three hundred and thirty seven prey items were identified of which 34.4% were Coleoptera, 17.2% Lepidoptera, 11.6% Diplopoda, 9.8% Diptera, 8.0 % Hymenoptera, 5% Heteroptera, 4.7% Arachnida, 2.7% Orthoptera, 1.8% Myriapoda, 1.2% zu Sedantaria, 0.6% each scorpions, Homoptera, and Dermaptera, and 0.3% each Chilopoda, Neuroptera, and earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris). Fourteen different forest pest species were identified of which seven species were Lepidoptera, four Coleoptera, two Hymenoptera and one Orthoptera.
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