In Java and Kalimantan in Indonesia, river water plays important roles in human life; for example, for transportation, and economic activities of the inhabitants. However, industrial, agricultural and domestic water is discarded into rivers directly in many developing countries, including Indonesia, since drainage systems have not been completely constructed. In this study, to evaluate the water quality and to compare those levels of environmental contaminants in developing and developed countries, water quality and contents of endocrine disrupters were measured in a total of 64 water samples (Indonesia; 28 samples and Japan; 36 samples) from 53 sites. The results indicated that, rivers in both capital cities, Jakarta and Tokyo, were contaminated. Water in rivers in Indonesia was not so heavily polluted as in Japan. Pollution in the river water in Indonesia appeared to be caused by the lack of sewerage systems. In addition, the findings on endocrine disrupters indicated that the concentration of alkylphenol in water samples was large enough to affect living organisms.

Tropical peatlands play an important role in the global carbon cycle, and therefore, their stability has important implications for climate change. In this study, we evaluated the effect of fire on the physical, chemical, and biological properties of peat soils in Indonesia for three years following exposure to fire. The results of the thermal analysis suggest that the organic matter contents of surface soils significantly decreased because of peat fires and that charred materials were produced in the subsurface layer of the burned soils. The atomic ratios of the burned soils and the thermally treated samples indicate that the Indonesian peat soils were dehydrated by these low-severity fires. The microbial abundance and phosphatase activity in the burned soils significantly decreased compared to those of the unburned soils. Leaching of the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration from the burned soils is lower than that from the unburned soils. The obtained laboratory results indicate that the concentration of the leached DOC increased drastically after heat treatments near the ignition temperature. It was seen that the denaturation of the soil organic matter caused by the heat from the fire accelerates the exodus of organic carbon in peatlands, which contain huge accumulations of carbon.

When peat forest fires happen, it leads to burn soil and also humic acids as a dominant organic matter contained in peat soil as well as the forest. The structure and properties of humic acids vary depending on their origin and environment, therefore the transformation of humic acid is also diverse. The impacts of the peat fires on peat soil from Central Kalimantan, Indonesia were investigated through the characterization of humic acids, extracted from soil in burnt and unburnt sites. The characterization of humic acids was performed by elemental composition, functional groups, molecular weight by HPSEC, pyrolysate compounds by pyrolysis-GC/MS, fluorescence spectrum by 3DEEM spectrofluorometer, and thermogravimetry. The elemental composition of each humic substance indicated that the value of H/C and O/C of humic acids from burnt sites were lower than that from unburnt sites. The molecular weight of humic acids from burnt sites was also lower than that from unburnt sites. Pyrolysate compounds of humic acids from unburnt sites differed from those of humic acids from burnt soil. The heating experiment showed that burning process caused the significant change in the properties of humic acids such as increasing the aromaticity and decreasing the molecular weight.

Abstract. To determine the water environment and pollutants in West Java, the contents of metals and 20 general water quality of the Ciliwung River in the Jakarta area were measured. High Escherichia coli 21 number (116-149/ml) was detected downstream in the Ciliwung River. In addition to evaluate mercury 22 pollution caused by gold mining, mercury contents of water and sediment samples from the Cikaniki 23 River, and from paddy samples were determined. The water was not badly polluted. However, toxic 24 metals such as mercury were detected at levels close to the baseline environmental standard of Indonesia 25 (0.83 to 1.07 μg/g of sediments in the Cikaniki River). From analyses of the paddy samples (0.08 μg/g), it 26 is considered that there is a health risk caused by mercury. 27 28

Bilih (Mystacoleucus padangensis) is an endemic species of Lake Singkarak and has important economic value. Overfishing of Bilih fish using non-selective fishing gear has led to a decline in its population. High demand, resulting in decreased production and size of Bilih fish. This research aims to determine this endemic fish's length-weight relationship and condition factor as basic data to the effort conservation. The fish was captured with experimental gillnet mesh sized 5/8, ¾, and 1 inch in Sumani, Batu Taba, Paninggahan, and PLTA intake stations. The total length and the weight of Bilih fish ranged from 40 – 95 mm and 10 – 74 mg, respectively. The highest length and weight of Bilih were 80.3 mm, and 45.0 mg were found at the Sumani station. The growth pattern of male and female fish was a negative allometric characteristic. The length-weight relationship of male and female fish was W = 0.00137 L2.368 and W = 0.00179 L2.312, respectively. Condition factors of males and females are 1.02 and 1.004, respectively. The result of condition factor value for males is higher than the female. The water quality values are within the normal range that supports fish life.

No abstract

The intertidal of Pangandaran is one of the tourist destinations on the southern coast of Java Island. The purpose of this study was to describe the diversity, distribution of invertebrate in Pangandaran Tourism, West Java Province, Indonesia. The sample were taken from eight site sampling locations from July 2017 to November 2018. Sample taken with line transect method and their diversity and distribution was analyzed by Morisita Index and Similarity Index. The research found 139 species spread to 12 classes and 7 phyla of invertebrate. A phylum of mollusca dominated with 71.2%, followed by Cnidaria with 7.9%. Faunus ater, Terebia sp, Clithon oualaniensis found dominant in muddy shore substrate, Cerithium breviculum, Thais jubilaea, Anthopleura elegentissima found dominant in rocky shore substrate and Hastula bacillus just found in sand shore substrate. Clibanarius vittatus is a cosmopolitan crustacea species found in every substrate characteristic with abundance (69 ± 15) ind.m -2 . High diversity shows in rocky shore substrate with a range H' (3.99-5.08) and low diversity shows on steep crag substrate with range H' (0.50-0.65). The distribution of group categories by Morisita is dominant, while the cluster analysis of Bray-Curtis showed four clusters based on the difference of substrate. Diversity and abundance decrease of invertebrate communities influenced by pressure from anthropogenic activities, tourism activities, illegal trade fossil and invertebrate as live, capture and water pollution.

Semi Ex-Situ Habitat (HSE) Pond is a pond that is designed for spawning native fish in Lake Maninjau, particularly in Bada fish (Rasbora argyrotaenia) in semi ex situ condition. This study aims to determine the benthic macroinvertebrates colonization in HSE ponds. The source of the water came from Lake Maninjau and the springs nearby. The study was conducted in August, October, and November 2018. Benthic macroinvertebrates samples were taken from some artificial substrate stainless steelwire mesh (the size are 20 cm x 20 cm, mesh size 30), which was placed at the bottom of the ponds for 20-30 days. The result shows that there are five classes of benthic macroinvertebrates in an HSE pond with the water springs and HSE pond with the water of Lake Maninjau. Chironomidae was the most abundant Family in both the springs-HSE pond and the lake Maninjau-HSE pond. The abundance of benthic macroinvertebrates in these two ponds respectively, are 2207 individuals/m 2 and 4138 individuals/m 2 . The Shanon-Wiener diversity index value is low, they are 0,38 in the springs-HSE pond and 0,29 in the lake Maninjau-HSE pond. The Bray Curtis similarity index values in those two HSE Ponds ranged from 47% to 63%, furthermore its categories from "not similar to similar".