Estimation of farm economic sustainability and viability became more topical when redesigning the Common Agricultural Policy which should stabilise farm income and make agribusiness more viable and sustainable (typically in Czech areas facing natural constraints). The key question is how to calculate the income of farms or farm households not only to survive but also to grow sustainably. The article summarises and compares knowledge from 51 studies to provide a comprehensive discussion on different ways how to measure economic viability and sustainability to set income support for farms in the areas with natural constraints optimally. The authors found family farms and off-farm income as important limitations of FADN database (Farm Accountancy Data Network) for evaluation of the economic sustainability of farm household. Moreover, some financial ratios (Return on Assets – ROA and assets turnover) are not suitable viability indicators for farms with a high share of hired land (typically large legal entities). Joining family farms and legal entities, the authors recommend using modified Farm Net Value Added (MFNVA) allowing for opportunity costs of own land and non-land assets. The average wage in the economy or region is a better proxy for opportunity labour costs of unpaid work rather than average agricultural wage.<br />
This paper analyses the impact of the LFA payments on farms economic results on the basis of the Farm Accountancy Data network in the czech republic. Firstly, the approaches are compared to the structure of farms based on the LFA type. Secondly, the share of the LFA payments on economic results of farms is evaluated. The evaluation considers the LFA type, share of grassland, size of the eligible area of farms. Basic economic indicators are being monitored, such as gross Farm income, Farm net Value Added, Family Farm income, current subsidies, of which in particular the LFA payments. The share of the LFA payments in economic results of agricultural holdings is compared. As a result of the analysis, the winners and losers of the current system were defined.
The redesign of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) allows for more room to address issues related to stabilising farmers’ income and developing their viability in areas facing natural constraints (ANC). Maintaining income levels, developing farm economies in rural areas, and encouraging competitive agricultural practises are the challenges facing the new CAP. ANCs in the Czech Republic are characterised by a lower level of income compared to areas outside ANCs and their generally prevailing specialisation in livestock production, which has been facing a relatively turbulent development in the last decade. The main aim of this paper is to evaluate the economic viability with regard to the level of natural disadvantage and with regard to farm specialisation. The database of Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) was used for assessment; the authors built the Farm Economic Viability indicator, which is based on modified Farm Net Value Added. The differences between the farm groups were tested through analysis of variance. Significantly lower viability was found in ANCs compared to farms outside ANCs. Field crops achieved significantly higher levels, both in and outside ANCs. The most threatened group of farms are grazing livestock in ANCs.
We describe the isolation of an NDM-1-producing Acinetobacter baumannii in a Czech patient repatriated in July 2011 from Egypt. The infection spread to another patient on the same ward. Both isolates showed the same resistance pattern and were susceptible only to colistin. They had an identical PFGE pattern and belonged to the same sequence type ST 1. Sequencing of the blaNDM gene identified the NDM-1 variant of the carbapenemase, surrounded by two copies of insertion sequence ISAba125.
Opportunities for savings in both human labour and technical equipment were tested on the case of large farms situated in the less-favoured areas (LFA). Large LFA farms were found to be undoubtedly more effi cient than the small ones, as well as the diversifi cation of activities (to non-agricultural) was much wider at the large farms in the Czech Republic (CR). Th e targeting of the objectives of the LFA measure was analysed on the cases of the selected types of the small and large farms and also the amounts of support, devoted to reach these objectives. Th e paper further analyses economic results of the small and large farms in the LFA within the CR, and evaluates the impacts of the current LFA measures, where the payment distribution is based only on the grassland area, regardless of the farm size in the CR. Based on these analyses, it was suggested to distribute the LFA payments in the CR per 1ha of utilised agricultural area of farm. Also, it was showed that it would be suitable to introduce a graded decrease of the LFA payments rates according to the farm size. Th e analysis proves that the economic survival of the large farms, measured as the farm net value added per one annual work unit, will not be endangered.
The article presents an impact analysis of the current agricultural policy on the economy of farms in the Czech less favoured areas (LFAs) and on environment and employment in these areas. A multi-criteria impact assessment shows that under the Czech conditions for supports in the LFAs the economic situation of larger extensive farms, measured by the farm net value added per one annual working unit, is very good even in comparison with farms in the regions with the best natural conditions and out of the LFAs. On the other hand, these farms -with an extensive cattle breeding as usually -operate with very low labour inputs and they realise inadequate rents. A decrease or elimination of the rents is possible by changes in conditions for LFA supports, for example by a degresivity of rates and/or by a capping of the supports, or by the distribution of the LFA payments on the whole area of eligible agricultural land. Anotace:Článek analyzuje dopad současné zemědělské politiky na ekonomiku farem v méně příznivých oblastech (LFA) české republiky. Hodnotí rovněž dopad na životní prostředí a zaměstnanost v těchto oblastech. Multikriteriální hodnocení ukazuje, že za současných podmínek pro podporu méně příznivých podmínek dosahují velké, extenzivně hospodařící farmy velmi dobrých ekonomických výsledků, měřeno dosaženou čistou přidanou hodnotou na roční pracovní jednotku, dokonce i ve srovnání s farmami v nejlepších přírodních podmínkách. Na druhé straně tyto farmy -většinou zaměřené na extenzivní chov skotu -zaměstnávají minimum pracovníků a dosahují neadekvátní důchod. Snížení tohoto důchodu je možné změnami v poskytování podpor LFA, například degresivitou sazeb nebo zastopováním plateb a poskytováním plateb na celou výměru zemědělské půdy v LFA.Klíčová slova: zemědělská politika, méně příznivé oblasti, podniková ekonomika, zaměstnanost, životní prostředí.
Abstract:The authors address the issue of determining the size of less favoured area payments so that such payments, in compliance with the objectives of the measure, will be the compensation for the farmers' additional costs and income forgone due to the handicap of agricultural production in the area concerned. Alternative methods for the calculation of the handicaps caused by the less favoured conditions have been verified. A new methodology of determining the basic LFA payments level is proposed for the following program period. Similarly, a method for calculating the envisaged impacts of Similarly, a method for calculating the envisaged impacts of changes in the EU common Agricultural Policy after 2013 on the natural handicap compensation is proposed and verified the natural handicap compensation is proposed and verified natural handicap compensation is proposed and verified. Key words: LFA, natural handicaps payments, economic results of farming, calculation methodsAbstract: Autoři se zabývají problémem stanovení výše plateb LFA tak, aby v souladu s cíli opatření kompenzovaly dodatečné náklady a ušlé příjmy, které zemědělcům vznikají v souvislosti se znevýhodněním dotyčné oblasti z hlediska zemědělské výroby. Jsou ověřeny variantní metodické přístupy pro výpočet omezení vlivem méně příznivých podmínek. Je navržena nová metodika stanovení základní úrovně plateb LFA pro příští programové období. navržen a ověřen je způsob provedení modelových propočtů předpokládaných dopadů změn Společné zemědělské politiky EU po roce 2013 na výši kompenzací v méně příznivých podmínkách.Klíčová slova: LFA, kompenzační platby, ekonomické výsledky hospodaření, metody kalkulaceSupported by the Ministry of Agriculture of the czech republic (Project no. QF 3082).
The core objectives for rural development support for the period 2007–2013 are: (1) improving the competitiveness of agriculture and forestry, (2) improving the environment and the countryside, and (3) improving the quality of life in rural areas and encouraging the diversification of economic activity. The Council Regulation (EC) No. 1698/2005 includes an unambiguous targeting of smaller and micro-enterprises to sustain job opportunity in rural areas. For this scheduled period, a minimum funding of 10% of the total EU contribution has been withheld by the Council Regulation for the measures connected with the quality of life and diversification of the rural economy outside agriculture and forestry. In spite of this, the EU Court of Auditors has concluded that rural development policy in Europe is ineffective because it continues to allow member states to adopt a predominantly sectoral approach with the primary focus on the agricultural sector (Special Report No. 17/2006). This paper deals with the possible impact of one RDP measure – the reduction of LFA payments according to farm size. Taking into account the variety of regions in Europe and the different situations at national level, it is difficult to provide a single guideline to solve the problem. Implementation without a deep analysis could lead to undesirable consequences. A specific adjustment to the situation of the given country will be advisable.
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