The main reason for the rapid development and promotion of reproductive technologies is the desire to have children of people who, for certain reasons, create such an opportunity. When writing the article, such methods were used as: historical, analysis, synthesis, systemic, functional, special-legal. It is argued that two types of reproductive technologies are of particular importance for medical law: in vitro fertilization and surrogacy. It is argued that such reproductive technologies as in vitro fertilization are an auxiliary introduction of donor material (sperm or egg) into all forms of a woman. It is also noted that not all researchers today support and consider optimal the formulations established in the main legislative acts of Ukraine on health care, regarding the right of every woman capable of fertilizing and implanting an embryo. The conclusions emphasize the importance of providing legislative guarantees for the possibility of introducing certain reproductive technologies for people who need such interventions for medical reasons. It is proposed to classify the principles of donation of reproductive cells such as sperm, oocytes and embryos. For this purpose, court rulings in cases involving the provision of in vitro fertilization services were also analyzed.
Abstract. The authors of the article have studied the problem of managing non-performing loans within loan portfolios. It has been substantiated that Ukraine as a developing country is in such socio-economic conditions of development that increase credit risks for banks. Numerous studies of the determinants for the formation of loans portfolios in countries with different levels of economic development demonstrate that developing countries are prone to negative consequences that lead to insolvency of debtors in case of a drop in the GDP, inflation, legal uncertainty, political crises, etc. The lack of long-term experience of banks in solving problems of increasing the share of non-performing loans in banks’ portfolios demonstrates that minimization of such assets requires regulation at the level of the banking system, but not a separate bank. Based on statistical data, it has been demonstrated that the minimization of problem loans of banks gained significant positive dynamics only after the National Bank of Ukraine regulated the process of managing distressed assets by adopting a regulatory act. Detailing the process of legal regulation of managing distressed assets allowed banks to structure and organize the work of their divisions in accordance with the normatively defined life cycle of distressed asset in such a way that all measures taken by them affect the efficiency of their work. Using permits, prohibitions and obligations as legal means of regulating relations between banks and their debtors, those relations have become predictable, allowing banks to control the process of managing non-performing loans and make timely decisions on the use of tools to minimize the share of distressed assets of the bank. The wide choice and consistency of applying financial and legal instruments in the process of managing non-performing loans allows banks to maximize the contractual settlement of debt and address to the competent authorities for the application of state coercion to debtors. Direct prohibitions, which are provided in the procedure of writing-off impaired assets, prevent corruption manifestations in this process. However, the authors have argued that the practice of 2008—2019 in terms of managing non-performing loans of banks demonstrated that the effectiveness of this process directly depends on government regulation. If the economic preconditions for the formation of problem loans depend on various factors of objective and subjective nature, then the management of non-performing loans directly depends on the existing legal models in the state for solving this problem. The autonomy of banks and their right to independently determine their strategies for managing distressed assets does not provide the desired efficiency without the imperative intervention of the central bank. Thus, the state regulation of the life cycle of distressed assets has demonstrated its effectiveness, and thus confirmed the need for regulatory influence on the processes of minimizing non-performing loans in Ukrainian banks. Keywords: non-performing loans, distressed assets, agreement-based regulation, state influence, state coercion, legal regulation. GEL Classification G18, G21, G34, K12, K42 Formulas: 0; fig.: 2; tabl.: 0; bibl.: 12.
The article considers the main aspects of the introduction of digitalization of public services and their role in combating criminal corruption offenses. The article considers the main aspects of the introduction of digitalization of public services and their role in the fight against criminal corruption offenses. The purpose of the study is to analyze and evaluate the role of digitalization of public services in the fight against criminal corruption offenses. The current problem is political corruption at the highest level and corruption in the business environment of Ukraine. The study focuses on the challenges that have accompanied a number of reforms, including the reform of the legal system. Currently, one of the biggest reforms is the reform judicial system and constitutional proceedings. This is primarily due to people's distrust of the court. It has proved that the ability of society to overcome the phenomenon of corruption in the public sector has largely related to the willingness to transparency and openness of all information, anti-corruption maturity of both civil society and government. It is established that the fight against criminal corruption offenses, based on the tools and means of digitalization of public services, promotes public confidence in the government, becomes the basis for the formation of anti-corruption culture.
The article examines the specifics of the carrier’s responsibility for breaching the terms of the contract of carriage of goods by road under the legislation of Ukraine and the EU, in particular, the regulatory legal acts establishing liability are analyzed, and certain problems of legal regulation are pointed out. It was determined that the legislation regulating the issue of liability for the violation of the terms of the contract of carriage of goods by road is based on international legal acts, general legislation and special legislation. Liability for late delivery of goods under the contract of carriage of goods by road is characterized in the legislation of Poland and Germany. The positions of scientists regarding the principle of limited liability in transport legal relations are presented.Analyzing the legislation on the transportation of goods by road transport, the following characteristics of responsibility under the contract of carriage are highlighted: 1) in the legislation of Ukraine, the responsibility of the parties for non-fulfillment or improper fulfillment of the terms of the contract for the carriage of goods by road transport is regulated by the general legislation that regulates the issue of responsibility for the carriage of goods for all types of transport , as well as a special one, which directly regulates the issue of liability for violation of the contract for the carriage of goods by road transport; 2) the basis for compensation is not just a breach of obligations, but a culpable breach; 3) liability under the contract of carriage is limited to the value of the cargo; 4) comparing the legislation of foreign countries (Poland and Germany), it is worth noting that the amount of compensation for the delay in the delivery of the cargo is limited to double and triple the fee for transportation, which is a larger amount compared to the national legislation.It is emphasized that the responsibility of the carrier for non-compliance with the conditions of cargo storage must be changed to full responsibility in the norms of the Central Committee of Ukraine and the norms of transport legislation, which will allow to fully protect the rights and legitimate interests of the injured party of the obligation
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