A key factor for the success or failure of a dental implant is the manner in which stresses are transferred to the surrounding bone. This depends on the type of loading, bone-implant interface, the shape and characteristics of the implant surface and the quality and quantity of the surrounding bone. This study was done to evaluate the pattern of stress distribution with two different implant designs in four different densities of bone using 3D finite element analysis. Graphic pre-processing software Ansys version 10 was used for creating the geometric configuration of a section of the mandible with a missing first molar. Eight 3D models of this section restored with implant-supported all ceramic crowns were created. Four of these models were created to simulate a single threaded implant placed in four different densities of bone (D1, D2, D3 and D4). The other four models were created to simulate a single cylindrical implant placed in four different densities of bone (D1, D2, D3, and D4). The Poisson's ratio (μ) and Young's modulus (E) of elasticity of the material were incorporated into the model. An average vertical load of 400 N was applied on the occlusal surface of the first molar between the buccal cusp, central fossa and the marginal ridge. Maximum Von Mises stresses in all the eight models were observed at the crestal region or neck of the implant. The stresses observed were more for the threaded implants in all the four densities of bone when compared to that of the cylindrical implants. The study concluded that the cylindrical implant design was more favorable in softer bone than the threaded implant design.
Background: Caregivers providing care to hospitalized family members are potentially at risk for declining physical and psychological health. To assess and compare physical and psychological burden of caregivers of Intensive care unit and non-Intensive care unit (non-ICU) patients.Methods: A descriptive, hospital-based, cross-sectional study was conducted among 256 caregivers (127 Intensive care unit and 129 non-ICU patients) in a tertiary care hospital in urban Bengaluru for 6 months (July-December, 2019). A modified Hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) and Perceived stress scale was used to assess the anxiety and stress burden among the caregivers, respectively.Results: Out of 256 caregivers, 196 (76.56%) experienced some form of physical burden, 112 (57.14%) belonged to ICU group and 84 (42.86%) non-ICU group (Z=2, p=0.045). Anxiety problem was observed in 54.29% caregivers, and was found statistically significant in caregivers of ICU (62.59%) patients than non-ICU (37.41%) patients (Z=2.969, p=0.002). Similarly, the burden of stress was observed in 203 (79.29%) caregivers, predominantly in ICU group (54.19%) compared to non-ICU (45.81%) group.Conclusions: Three-fourth of the caregivers had one or the other physical symptoms and nearly half of them had stress and anxiety irrespective of ICU or non-ICU admission. The financial burden was more among the ICU caregivers and the longer duration of stay had affected the health of the caregivers.
The Gain flatness of EDFA plays an important role for Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) optical application. Equalizing of an amplifier's gain spectrum is essential for balancing the channel powers to achieve error free detection of the signals transmitted through the optical link. The purpose of this paper is to improve the gain unevenness for each channel in order to equalize the amplitude in a Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) system. And also various filters have been taken under study to find its effect on the output. The design simulation aided by Optisystem 12 software. From the analysis it has been found that the gain flatness is improved by optimizing the pump power, pump wavelength and fiber length. The optimized value of EDFA to achieve maximum gain flatness under different filters are presented. The gain are flattened within 32.75dB-33.67dB from 1546 nm-1558 nm band of wavelength with noise figure (NF) < 7dB, output power 15 dB, Bit Error Rate (BER) < − & Quality factor is 14.64. By these above parameters, gain flatness of 0.3dB can be achievable.
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