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Aspergillus niger produced high levels of naringinase using easily available, inexpensive industrial waste residues such as rice bran, wheat bran, sugar cane bagasse, citrus peel, and press mud in solid‐state fermentation (SSF). Among these, rice bran was found to be the best substrate. Naringinase production was highest after 96 h of incubation at 27°C and at a substrate‐to‐moisture ratio of 1:1 w/v. Supplementation of the medium with 10% naringin caused maximum induction. An inoculum age of 72 h and an inoculum level of 15% resulted in maximum production of naringinase. Enzyme production was stimulated by the addition of nutrients such as naringin and peptone. Thus, A. niger produced a very high level of naringinase within a short time in solid‐state fermentation using inexpensive agro‐residues, a level that is much higher than reported for any other microbes.

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Pilot-scale vermicomposting was explored using Eudrilus eugeniae for 90 days with 45 days preliminary decomposition using different agro-industrial wastes as substrates. Spent wash and pressmud were mixed together (referred to as PS) and then combined with cow dung (CD) at five different ratios of PS:CD, namely, 25:75 (T1), 50:50 (T2), 75:25 (T3), 85:15 (T4) and 100 (T5), with two replicates for each treatment. All vermibeds expressed a significant decrease in pH (11.4-14.8%), organic carbon (4.2-30.5%) and an increase in total nitrogen (6-29%), AP (5-29%), exchangeable potash (6-21%) and turnover rate (52-66%). Maximum mortality (18.10%) of worms was recorded in T5 treatment. A high manurial value and a matured product was achieved in T3 treatment. The data reveal that pressmud mixed with spent wash can be decomposed through vermicomposting and can help to enhance the quality of vermicompost.

A set of complexes, [RuCl(CO)(B)(EPh3)L] (where E=P/As; B=PPh3/AsPh3/py; L = ligand), of ruthenium have been synthesized by solution method. The structure of the ruthenium(II) complexes were determined by microanalytical techniques and spectral techniques (CHNS, Infrared, ultraviolet-visible and NMR spectroscopic techniques). FT-IR results reveal that thiosemicarbazone is coordinated to Ru(II)via ONS. In addition, the structure of the compounds, thiosemicarbazone ligand and complexes, was confirmed by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Further, the synthesized ligand and its complexes were analyzed against human pathogens.

A B S T R A C TThis study focuses on the modeling and optimization of the decolorization procedure of real textile dye. The percentage of decolorization of effluent in the Erlenmeyer flask level, as obtained by both response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN), was determined and subjected to comparative evaluation. The effect of independent variables such as pH (5-8), self-immobilized Pleurotus ostreatus, bead volume (30-50%) (V b /V r ), and initial effluent concentration (50-100%) was examined using three-level Box-Behnken design. A similar design was utilized to train a feed-forward multilayered perceptron with back-propagation algorithm. Errors were computed using error functions, and the values obtained for RSM and ANN were compared. The maximum percentage decolorization and COD reduction of effluent under optimized conditions over a 24-h period were observed as 89 and 72%, respectively. The parameters optimized in the flask level were adapted in an inverse fluidized bed bioreactor of 6 l working volume, in which the quantity of decolorization and COD reduction over a 24-h period was observed as 92 and 76%, respectively.