Summary
Point‐of‐care ultrasound has been embraced by anaesthetists as an invaluable tool for rapid diagnosis of haemodynamic instability, to ensure procedural safety and monitor response to treatments. Increasingly available, affordable and portable, with emerging evidence of improved patient outcomes, point‐of‐care ultrasound has become a valuable tool in the emergency setting. This state‐of‐the‐art review describes the feasibility of point‐of‐care ultrasound practice, training and maintenance of competence. It also describes the many uses of point‐of‐care ultrasound for the anaesthetist and describes the most salient point‐of‐care ultrasound views for anaesthetic emergencies including: undifferentiated shock; hypoxemia; and trauma. Procedural safety is also discussed in addition to relevant important governance aspects. Cardiac function should be assessed using the parasternal long axis, parasternal short basal/mid‐papillary/apical, apical four chamber and subcostal four chamber views, and should include a visual estimation of global left ventricular ejection fraction. Other cardiovascular conditions that can be identified using point‐of‐care ultrasound include: pericardial effusion; cardiac tamponade; and pulmonary embolism. Pulmonary emergency conditions that can be diagnosed using point‐of‐care ultrasound include pneumothorax; pleural effusion; and interstitial syndrome. The extended focused assessment with sonography for trauma examination may of value in patients who are hypotensive in order to identify intra‐abdominal haemorrhage, pneumothoraces and haemothoraces.
Due to water scarcity crisis, many technologies are used to solve these problems, one of these technologies is a single basin solar still, which considers the simplest and cheapest technology. It uses for converting available salt or brackish water into potable water. This paper presents the experimental work conducted on conventional basin type Solar Still to investigate the effect of some design and operating parameters on the performance of the still. In this paper, two single basins are built to study the effect of the glass height from the basin bottom. All conditions of taking the experimental results are taken at the same time. The temperature of ambient, water, vapor and outlet glass are measured from 8.00 to 17.00 of day time every one hour. The productivity of the distilled water and solar intensity are measured as well. The study showed that the productivity increased by 60% per day when the gap distance between water surface and cover reduced from 26.0 cm to 6.0 cm measured from the front (south) wall of the solar still, or (from 37.0 cm to 17 cm measured from the center of glass cover) at the same angle 24° and 2 cm water depth.
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