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Accumulations of waste dry cell batteries create irreparable damage to the environment. To address this issue, herewith we recycle the graphite electrode from waste dry cells to serve as a precursor for synthesising graphene electrolyte additives in metal-O 2 battery system. Magnesium-O 2 battery is an interesting option due to its high theoretical energy density (6800 WhKg −1 ) but tuning the electrode-electrolyte interfacial layer plays a major role. Utilizing La 1-x Ca x MnO 3 (x = 0.70, 0.80 and 0.90) manganite perovskite and polar interspersed graphene as protective electrode-electrolyte passivation layers, drastically increases the battery performance. La 1-x Ca x MnO 3 protective layer enhances the charge separation, charge transfer, reaction kinetics and reduces the charge recombination at the electrode surface. The specific discharge capacity of newly prepared La 1-x Ca x MnO 3 /interspersed graphene based Mg-air battery system is 1595.3 mAhg −1 , which makes it more superior to regular Mg-O 2 battery (890 mAhg −1 ). The interspersed graphene -based Mg/La 1-x Ca x MnO 3 air battery shows excellent discharge capacity and notable electrochemical characteristics, which opens whole new spectrum of opportunity in modern electric vehicles.

Highly cross-linked zinc oxide (ZnO) with the nanorod morphology of tetra-pods was successfully prepared using a microwave irradiation (MWI) technique. In comparison with the available conventional techniques, the MWI technique has the advantage of producing different morphological structures with high purity and in a shorter reaction time. These tetra-pods consist of a ZnO core in the zinc blende from which four ZnO arms emerge in the wurtzite structure. In this investigation, the effects of irradiation times and the growth mechanism of ZnO nanotetra-pods were discussed. The structural, morphological and optical properties of ZnO nanorods were investigated by field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, an ultra violet visible spectrometry and energy-dispersive spectroscopy. The electrochemical corrosion behaviours of an AZ91-grade Mg alloy and a ZnO/PN nanotetra-pod-coated Mg alloy were investigated. The Tafel plot revealed that the corrosion of Mg drastically decreased on coating with a thin layer of ZnO nanotetra-pods and PN (Mg/PN/ZnO) compared to Mg in a KOH electrolyte.

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