Castnia dedalus, a lepidopterous trunk borer, which seriously damages coconut in several South American countries, is also a pest of oilpalm though less well known. In the latter crop, which becomes vulnerable at the age of about 5 years, larvae attack the fruit bunches in addition to the trunk and bases of the petioles. The feeding of larvae in the fruit bunches can lead to considerable losses in production. Older larvae tunnelling the trunk may cause large cavities under the stem apex and kill the palm. This insect was studied at the oilpalm estate Paricatuba, Para, Brazil from 1976 till 1979. Satisfactory chemical control was obtained during the period September till January which largely coincides with the dry season of the area. Larvae free‐living in the bunches and full‐grown larvae present in the leaf axils to pupate are vulnerable to the impact of insecticides. Three sprayings with endrin, monocrotophos and endrin in succession, directed to the base of the crown and the top half of the trunk at 6 week intervals, reduced the Castnia population by some 80–90 % and resulted in a considerable increase in production; 754 ha were sprayed in 1977/1978 and 300 ha in 1978/1979. Regular cleaning rounds to keep the palms free from over‐ripe and rotten bunches at all times are of much value. Netting of adults during the period of high moth density and collecting of cocoons from the leaf axils are additional control measures. Zusammenfassung Ökologie und Bekämpfung von Castnia dedalus (Lep., Castnioidea), ein ernster Schädling der Ölpalmen in Brasilien Castnia dedalus, eine stammbohrende Raupe, die in Südamerika ernste Schäden an Kokospalmen verursacht, tritt auch an der Ölpalme schädlich auf. An dieser Palme befallen die Raupen die Trauben sowie die Blattstiele und den Stamm. Der Raupenfraß in den Trauben kann zu völligem Produktionsverlust führen. Ältere Raupen minieren im Stamm und können große Höhlungen im Spitzenteil verursachen, wodurch die Palmen absterben. Das Insekt wurde 1976–1979 in der Ölpalmenpflanzung Paricatuba, Para, Brasilien, auf seine wichtigsten ökologischen Daten untersucht. Weiterhin wurden in der Trockenzeit, während September bis Januar, chemische Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen durchgeführt. Die freilebenden Larven in der Traube und die erwachsenen Larven, die sich in den Blattachseln verpuppen, können von Insektiziden erreicht werden. 3 Sprühaktionen in 6wöchigem Abstand mit Endrin, Monocrotophos und wieder Endrin, die sich auf die Kronenbasis und die obere Hälfte des Stammes ricnteten, reduzierten die Castnia‐Population um 80–90% und bewirkten einen wesentlichen Anstieg der Produktion. Es wurden dabei 1977/78 754 ha und 1978/79 300 ha behandelt. Eine regelmäßige Reinigung der Palmen von überreifen und faulen Trauben war sehr wertvoll. Ein Abfangen der Falter während hoher Dichte sowie ein Aufsammeln der Kokons in den Blattachseln sind weitere Bekämpfungsmafinahmen.
Studies on ‘red ring disease’ (RRD) in the young oilpalm estate at Paricatuba concentrated on its symptoms, the rôle of the palm weevil Rhynchophorus palmarum as vector of the red ring nematode, the search for alternative host plants of the nematode as a source of weevil contamination, and its control. A detailed survey system, registering external symptoms, was carried out from 1974–1979. The palms were sectioned to arrive at a definite diagnosis. It was found that palms become vulnerable to RRD when they are about 5 years old. Nematode infection of the palm seems to occur exclusively via the adult palm weevil, dominantly by nematodes being carried externally. Injection of nematodes by internally contaminated weevils during oviposition apparently did not play an important rôle. Seasonal fluctuation in weevil abundance showed an increased population level largely within the dry season; an increase in the percentage of weevils contamined was also noticed in this period. Incidence of RRD was related to the abundance of contaminated weevils. Of 5,338 weevils examined for nematodes 1.7% were contaminated externally, 2.6% were contaminated internally and 3.3% proved contaminated both externally and internally. The wild palm Oenocarpus distichus Mart. turned out to be a natural host of the RRD nematode and the palm weevil and a potential infection source for the estate. Phytosanitation, comprising prevention of wounding of the palms and early elimination of palms showing distinct growth disorders, proved effective in keeping RRD incidence low. The system of felling, transport of the trunk to the oil factory, sawing the trunk in blocks and steam sterilization of the blocks at 130 °C for 1 hour, was carried out. Palm losses amounted to a total of 1.14% of the palms in the susceptible age group during the survey period. Relevant literature on RRD of the coconut palm is discussed in comparison with the results of the present study. Zusammenfassung Untersuchungen über die “Rote Ring‐Krankheit” (Red Ring Disease, RRD) in den Ölpalmanlagen Paricatuba, Para, Brasilien In den Jahren 1974–1979 wurde besonders dem Schadbild, der Rolle des Rüsselkäfers Rhynchophorus palmarum als Vektor der Roten Ring‐Nematode, dem Aufspüren von alternativen Wirtspflanzen der Nematode als Infektionsherd für den Rüsselkäfer und der Bekämpfung Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt. Das Auftreten der “Roten Ring‐Krankheit”blieb beschränkt, wenn die Palmen während der Blattentfernung und Ernte so wenig wie möglich verwundet und die als krankhaft angemerkten Palmen konsequent und zeitig eliminiert wurden. Die wilde Palme Oenocarpus distichus Mart. zeigt sich als eine natürliche Wirtspflanze sowohl für die Rote Ring‐Nematode als für den Rüsselkäfer. Die Ergebnisse werden mit Literaturangaben über die “Rote Ring‐Krankheit”bei der Kokospalme verglichen.
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