Soil and moisture conditions are key factors for vegetation establishment in reclamations of lands after mining. These factors play a more important role if the area is under extreme environmental conditions. Záhorská lowland belongs to the most extreme areas in Slovakia and it is characterized by drought and warm climate.Besides high average temperature and precipitation deficit this area is negatively affected by wind. Light sandy soil is damaged by wind erosion (Serdel 1973). These factors affect artificial forest regeneration and reclamation. Therefore it is needful to draw up new or modified procedures for the improvement of soil moisture conditions. The aims of these procedures should be to increase planting stock survival and field performance after planting.In the last years, a new generation of hydrogels was developed, highly cross-linked polyacrylamides with 40% of the amides hydrolyzed to carboxylic groups. According to Bouranis et al. (1995) these hydrogels are able to absorb and store water up to 400 times their own weight, and consequently, reduce water stress for the trees. Hydrogels of STOCKOSORB belong to these new hydrogels.Different hydrogel fractions are used commensurate with an application -STOCKOSORB Powder (fraction size < 0.2 mm, for the root system protection during planting, handling, storing and transporting). STOCKOSORB AGRO and MICRO (0.2-0.3 mm) are used for direct application to planting holes before planting. These hydrogels are frequently used for afforestation in semi-arid areas (Roldan et al. 1996;Tognetti et al. 1997). On the other hand, little information is available about the use of these hydrogels under environmental conditions in Central Europe.The aim of this study was to determine the effect of hydrogel STOCKOSORB application on the survival and growth of pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings in the reclamation of a sand pit. MATERIAL AND METHODS Pieskovňa I -Plantation 2002On In this study results of hydrogel application in reclamations are presented. The application of hydrogel affected the survival of pine seedlings during two vegetation periods after planting. Double application of STOCKOSORB AGRO (gel) on the root system after lifting caused an about 19% higher survival rate compared to control variants. The application of 7 g/planting hole of STOCKOSORB MICRO granules caused overdosage and plant mortality. The application of hydrogel granules is simple but it is very complicated not to cause the overdosage because of the very high swelling capacity of hydrogel. Research should be carried out to determine suitable hydrogel application rates for different environmental conditions and tree species. To design a technology with regard to the economic effectiveness of application will be a very important task.
ABSTRACT:The aims of this study were: 1. to determine the effect of desiccation treatment on the physiological quality of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) seedlings by measurements of electrolyte leakage from the root system; b) to test the use of hydrogel STOCKOSORB ® for protection of the root system of spruce seedlings during their transplanting. The results showed that desiccation treatment significantly affected the rate of electrolyte leakage (34% leakage for control seedlings and 53% in contrast with seedlings after 5 hours of desiccation). Likewise, significant differences were found in height and root collar increments after the first vegetation period that decreased with the duration of desiccation treatment. The values of electrolyte leakage also increased with the duration of desiccation treatment for seedlings treated with hydrogel. On the other hand, the rate of electrolyte leakage was lower after 5 hours of stress factor than in untreated seedlings. The height and root collar increments were higher in seedlings treated with hydrogel for all variants. The obtained results showed a possibility of using the measurement of electrolyte leakage from the root system to determine the physiological quality of Norway spruce seedlings. The rate of electrolyte leakage over 40% signals the physiological damage to the root system of spruce seedlings. Next, the results confirmed the need of protection of seedling roots during handling. The seedlings without hydrogel had 35% height and 26% root collar diameter increment after two-hour desiccation stress. On the other hand, the same seedlings with STOCKOSORB had 42% height and 48% root collar increment.Keywords: desiccation; electrolyte leakage; hydrogel STOCKOSORB ® ; root system; spruce seedlings JOURNAL OF FOREST SCIENCE, 49, 2003 (11) and store up to 400 times their own weight of water, and therefore they reduce the water stress for trees. These hydrogels are frequently used for afforestation in semi-arid areas (ROLDAN et al. 1996;TOGNETTI et al. 1997). On the other hand, there is little available information about the use of these hydrogels in the environmental conditions in Central Europe.:The aims of this study were: -to determine the effect of desiccation on the physiological quality of spruce seedlings by measurements of electrolyte leakage from the root system, -to test the use of these hydrogels STOCKOSORB ® for protection of the root system of spruce seedlings during transplanting. MATERIAL AND METHODS Assessment of desiccation effect on the physiological quality of seedlingsNorway spruce (Picea abies [L]. Karst.) three-year bare-rooted seedlings that were cultivated in a forest nursery of Forest Research Institute in Zvolen were used in this study.On the 25 th March 2002 the seedlings were lifted from nursery beds and biometrical traits were measured (height 19.2 cm; diameter of root collar 3.2 mm). The seedlings did not show any visual marks of physiological activity (bud break). Directly after lifting, a desiccation test was carried out. The ...
ABSTRACT:The objective of this study was to test a method of measurements of electrolyte leakage for determining an optimal autumn lifting date. The second objective was to obtain information about the effects of different autumn lifting dates on survival of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) plants. A significant difference was found between lifting dates for the values of root electrolyte leakage (REL) from unstressed plants, but without clear tendency. The values of electrolyte leakage from shoots (SEL) were very stable (11-13%). On the other hand, the electrolyte leakage from roots (REL) decreased in dependence on different lifting date after artificial frost stress. On the first lifting date (end of September) the REL values were 77%. On the last lifting date (8 November) the REL values were 56%. The same tendency was found for SEL values (decrease from 63% at the end of September to 17% on 8 November). Differences were also found in the survival of plants. The plants lifted on earlier dates had nearly 100% mortality, which decreased with later date of lifting. The results of this study showed that cold hardiness of planting stock increased during autumn and was higher for shoots than for roots. The first results showed that it is possible to optimize the autumn lifting date of spruce planting stock by measurements of electrolyte leakage from shoots after artificial frost test.Keywords: cold hardiness; electrolyte leakage; lifting date; spruce planting stock JOURNAL OF FOREST SCIENCE, 49, 2003 ( . This injury of cell membranes could be determined by: browning technique (TIMMMIS 1977), electrolytic conductivity method (COLOMBO et al. 1984), electrical impedance method (GLERUM 1973), electrical impedance ratio method (GLERUM 1985).The objective of this study was to test a method of measurements of electrolyte leakage after artificial frost stress for determining an optimal autumn lifting date for bare-rooted Norway spruce planting stock.The second objective was to obtain information about the effects of different autumn lifting dates on survival of Norway spruce after cold storage. MATERIALS AND METHODSNorway spruce transplants (2 + 3) were used in this study. (Fatransko-podtatranská) seed zone 2, approximate altitude of mature stand 1,200 m above sea level. The plants were grown at Jochy Nursery (830 m a.s.l., annual temperature 6°C). The data on air temperatures were obtained for a weather station in Liptovský Hrádok (7 km from Jochy Nursery).The mean heights of transplants were 40 ± 10.5 cm and their mean root collar diameter 7.1 ± 3.0 mm. Plants were lifted at one week interval from 20. 9. 1999 to 8. 11. 1999 (8 sample dates). On each occasion 140 plants were lifted. Directly after lifting the plants were carefully controlled and only plants without mechanical damage were used. On each sample date 100 plants were placed in polyurethane bags (in each bag 25 plants were spliced with root system -shoots were out of the bag). These bags were placed to a refrigerated storage house (air temperature 1-2°C ...
Two-year, bare-rooted seedlings of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) were used in this study. The seedlings were exposed to artificial desiccation and frost stress after spring lifting. After exposure to these factors, electrolyte leakage from the root system was measured. The results showed that artificial desiccation significantly affected the rate of electrolyte leakage. The effect of desiccation was confirmed by the survival of plants and height increment (100% survival and 49% height increment of control seedlings in contrast with plants after 6 hours of desiccation: 9% survival and 2% height increment). On the other hand, frost stress did not affect the rate of electrolyte leakage (the rate of REL did not correlate with the intensity of stress treatment).
ABSTRACT:The objective of this study was to obtain information about changes in cold hardiness of larch and silver fir seedlings during autumn and spring by help of measurements of electrolyte leakage from shoots (SEL) and root system (REL). The values of electrolyte leakage from the untreated (control) root system of silver fir decreased during autumn (from 28% on September 25 to 24% on November 27). Minimum values were reached on March 26. A decrease in electrolyte leakage was found for silver fir shoots (SEL) (the maximum was detected on October 2 -12% and minimum on November 27 -7%). Contrary to REL, SEL increased in March. The rate of electrolyte leakage from treated (after artificial frost) roots and shoots decreased during autumn (REL and SEL minimum on November 27). The change in the rate of electrolyte leakage from untreated larch roots was similar to that from silver fir roots during autumn. The values continually decreased from 26% (on September 25) to 12% (on November 27). The course of electrolyte leakage from the treated root system was similar for both species. The differences between electrolyte leakage from larch shoots (treated und untreated ones) were statistically significant, but without any clear tendency during autumn. The objective of this study was to acquire the first information about changes in cold hardiness of larch and silver fir seedlings during autumn and spring by help of measurements of electrolyte leakage from shoots and root system. MATERIALS AND METHODSSilver fir (Abies alba Mill.) and larch (Larix decidua Mill.) seedlings cultivated in a nursery of Forest Research Institute in Zvolen were used in this study. The biometrical characteristics and age of tested planting stock are given in Table 1. Unfortunately, no complex information about plant raising in the nursery is available.Seedlings were lifted at one-week intervals in autumn (from September 25 to November 27) and in spring (two sample dates, March 12 and 26). On each occasion 30 seedlings were lifted. Directly after lifting the seedlings were checked carefully and only plants without mechanical damage were used (untreated seedlings). Samples of shoots and roots were taken from 15 plants to prepare the procedure of electrolyte leakage measurement. The remaining 15 plants were transported to a lab of Forest Research Institute in Zvolen and used for cold hardiness tests. These whole plants were placed in polyurethane bags and to a refrigerator (temperature 2°C). After two hours, the plants were put to a climatic room for 20 hours (temperature -16°C). After this artificial frost treatment and one hour in the room temperature samples from roots and shoots were taken for electrolyte leakage measurement (treated seedlings). 239The modified method according to McKAY (1992) was used for all electrolyte leakage measurements. The root system was washed in cold tap water to remove soil and rinsed in deionized water to remove surface ions. The sample length from main root (taken directly under the root collar) and shoot (taken di...
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