Objectives To characterize the in vitro replication fitness, viral diversity and phylogeny of dengue viruses (DENV) isolated from Indian patients. Methods DENV was isolated from whole blood collected from patients by passaging in cell culture. Passage 3 viruses were used for growth kinetics in C6/36 mosquito cells. Parallel efforts also focused on isolation of DENV RNA from plasma samples of the same patients and processed for next generation sequencing. Results We were able to isolate 64 clinical isolates, mostly DENV-2, of which 25 were further used for growth curve analysis in vitro which showed a wide range of replication kinetics. Highest viral titers were of isolates from dengue with warning signs and severe dengue cases. We obtained full genome sequences of 21 DENV isolates. Genome analysis mapped the circulating DENV-2 strains to the Cosmopolitan genotype. Conclusions The replication kinetics of isolates from patients with mild or severe infection was not significantly different but the viral titers between the isolates varied by two orders of magnitude suggesting differences in replication fitness among the circulating DENV-2 isolates.

Mosquitoes are found throughout the world excluding the place which are completely frozen. Three fourth (3/4) of the existing mosquito species were native to tropical and subtropical region. Mosquitoes are likely to transmit disease to more then two fifth(2/5) of the world population.The major dreadful disease such as Malaria, Chikungunya, Dengue, Filariasis and Japanese encephalitis were transmitted by mosquito bites. In order to reduce the awful diseases, extensive research has been done on mosquitoes for few decades. Vector control techniques face serious threats because of the emergence of resistance to synthetic insecticides. Plant are rich sources of bioactive compounds and synthesize a number of secondary metabolites to severe as defensive chemicals for control the insect pests. Plants offer an advantage over than synthetic pesticide, which used as an alternative to chemical insecticides. The present investigations were carried out to assess the ovicidal activity and ovipisitional deterrence efficiency of aqueous leaf extracts of Tecoma stans against Aedes aegypti. Hatching rate was calculated on the basis of non-hatchability of eggs. The effect of aqueous leaf extract of T.stans on oviposition of Ae. aegypti was determined under two set of conditions (Choice oviposition test, No-choice oviposition test). Oviposition Active Index (OAI) and Oviposition Deterrent Index (ODI) was calculated. The hatchability of Ae. aegypti eggs was decreased when placed in media of aqueous leaf extract. The reduction in percent hatch was inversely proportional to the concentration of aqueous leaf extract used.The aqueous leaf extract of T.stans were found to deter mosquitoes from oviposition. Oviposition Active Index and Oviposition Deterrent Index indicated a low preference of Ae. aegypti to leaf extract treated medium for egg laying. This study suggest that, the aqueous leaf extract of Tecoma stans should be considered as promising anti-mosquito agent.

Mosquito control is essential to prevent mosquito borne diseases such as dengue, chikungunya, Zika and filariasis. Synthetic insecticides such as organophosphate and pyrethroids are commonly used for mosquito control program. Synthetic insecticides are effective, nonetheless cause adverse effects on the environment and human health. Due to their hazardous effects, alternatives are required for mosquito management. One such alternative approach is to explore the floral biodiversity. Insecticidal compounds from natural sources, notably from plants are promising for managing such vectors. Hence, the study aimed to analyze the ovicidal potential of ethanol and acetone leaf extracts of Caesalpinia pulcherrima. Effect of ethanol and acetone leaf extracts of Caesalpinia pulcherrima on the hatchability of Aedes aegypti eggs were determined adopting the standard procedure. Per cent hatch of eggs placed in control medium was 95% where as in 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7%. concentrations it was 75, 50, 25, 15 (ethanol) and 70, 55, 30, 20 (acetone), respectively. 0.9% completely arrested egg hatching in both extracts. From the above, the ethanol and acetone leaf extracts of C. pulcherrima can be recommended for the development of ovicides against Ae. aegypti eggs.

Melaleuca citrina (Curtis) Dum. Cours.

BackgroundIrrational prescriptions have an ill effect on health as well as on healthcare expenditure. Prescription auditing is an important tool to improve the quality of prescriptions, which in turn improves the quality of health care provided. Regular and timely audits of antibiotic prescriptions can prevent irrational antibiotic usage. ConclusionBy judicious use of antibiotics, we can reduce the evolution of antibiotic resistance in bacteria and extend the useful life of antibiotics that are still effective. Antibiotic use patterns must be studied to address complications resulting from a large number of antibiotics.