Objectives Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have attracted much attention by researchers worldwide in recent years for their small dimensions and unique architecture, and for having immense potential in nanomedicine as biocompatible and supportive substrates, as a novel tool for the delivery of therapeutic molecules including peptides, RNA and DNA, and also as sensors, actuators and composites. Key findings CNTs have been employed in the development of molecular electronic, composite materials and others due to their unique atomic structure, high surface area-tovolume ratio and excellent electronic, mechanical and thermal properties. Recently they have been exploited as novel nanocarriers in drug delivery systems and biomedical applications. Their larger inner volume as compared with the dimensions of the tube and easy immobilization of their outer surface with biocompatible materials make CNTs a superior nanomaterial for drug delivery. Literature reveals that CNTs are versatile carriers for controlled and targeted drug delivery, especially for cancer cells, because of their cell membrane penetrability. Summary This review enlightens the biomedical application of CNTs with special emphasis on utilization in controlled and targeted drug delivery, as a diagnostics tool and other possible uses in therapeutic systems. The review also focuses on the toxicity aspects of CNTs, and revealed that genotoxic potential, mutagenic and carcinogenic effects of different types of CNTs must be explored and overcome by formulating safe biomaterial for drug delivery. The review also describes the regulatory aspects and clinical and market status of CNTs.

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For the determination of lenalidomide using carbamazepine as an internal standard, an ultra-fast stability indicating LC-MS/MS method was developed, validated and optimized to support clinical advancement. The samples were prepared by solid-phase extraction. The calibration range was 2-1000 ng mL(-1), for which a quadratic regression (1/x(2)) was best fitted. The method was validated and a 3(2) factorial was employed using Box-Behnken experimental design for the validation of robustness. These designs have three factors such as mobile phase composition (X(1)), flow rate (X(2)) and pH (X(3)) while peak area (Y(1)) and retention time (Y(2)) were taken as response. This showed that little changes in mobile phase and flow rate affect the response while pH has no affect. Lenalidomide and carbamazepine were stable in human plasma after five freeze thaw cycles, at room temperature for 23.7 h, bench top stability for 6.4 h. This method competes with all the regulatory requirements for selectivity, sensitivity, precision, accuracy, and stability for the determination of lenalidomide in human plasma, as well as being highly sensitive and effective for the pharmacokinetic and bioequivalence study of lenalidomide.

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