Introduction: Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy (JME) is common idiopathic epilepsy manifested by myoclonic jerks that commonly noticed in early childhood without consciousness disturbance, then the generalised tonic -clonic overwhelms the scene, absence attacks are not uncommon. The prominent and cardinal EEG features of JME syndrome that supports the diagnosis is the generalized 3.5-6 Hz single, bifid and polyspikes slow-wave's complexes on normal brain background activity.

No abstract

Background: Epilepsy and seizure are one of the most common serious neurological disorders, and most patients either stop having seizures or less commonly die of them. Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study targeting adult Sudanese patients was conducted in the EEG units of the department of physiology, faculty of medicine, and the National Ribat University. Recordings were obtained from a digital EEG machine (Medtronic pl-EEG). The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (Windows version 15; SPSS) was used for statistical analysis. The study's main objective was to determine the percentage of abnormal EEGs in adult Sudanese epileptic patients who were referred to the Ribat EEG unit from March 2007 to September 2010. Results: Nine hundred and fifty patients were included in this study, abnormal EEGs was seen in 54.7%, while it was normal was in 45.3%; primary generalized seizures constituted 45.5%, while focal onset seizures were collectively observed in 43.4%, other types of epilepsy counted for 11.2%. Conclusion: This study showed that males were more affected than females, abnormal EEG was maximal in the age group16–30 years. Epileptiform seizure discharges decrease with age, generalized seizure discharges were dominated seizure.

No abstract

Introduction: Migraine headache is characterized by certain clinical features that were compiled according to certain criteria set by the international headache society (IHS) so as to provide a standardized definition, diagnosis and classification of headaches for both clinical practice and research studies. Aims:The aim of this study is to determine the clinical characteristics of migraine in Sudanese families and whether they adhere to international criteria set by the IHS. Patients and Methods:Following the description of the clinically diagnosed index case, a detailed validated questionnaire based on the IHS was distributed to all family members affected as well as non-affected after giving an informed consent. The responding family members were then classified as migraineurs and nonmigraineurs after analysis of the questionnaire and confirmation of the diagnosis by two neurologists. Results:From the 175 subjects who agreed to participate (from twelve pedigrees) 107 were migraineurs (70.1% females, 29.9 % males). Both migraine with aura (MA) and migraine without aura(MO) co-exist in the same family and even in the same individual with the most common migraine type being MO (51.4%,N=55), followed by MA+MO (32.7%, N=35) and MA (15.9 %, N=17). Unilateral location, presence of nausea, photophobia and aggravation by exercise showed significant results (P value 0.000). Conclusions:The presentation of migraine headache showed results similar to that described by the HIS 2nd edition in most of the criteria and differed in others. Comorbidity with a number of diseases and migraine coexist.

Introduction: Panayiotopoulos syndrome (PS) is an age-related, and a relatively frequent benign epileptic syndrome, characterised by predominantly autonomic symptoms and/or simple motor focal seizures followed, or not, by impairment of consciousness. Interictal electroencephalograph (EEG) shows occipital spikes, although multifocal spikes with high amplitude sharp-slow wave complexes at various locations can be present.PS mimics gastroenteritis, encephalitis, syncope, migraine, sleep disorders or metabolic diseases. Aim: The aim was to characterise the EEG waves among Sudanese patients with PS, presented at the EEG unit of The National Ribat University, and El magzoub neurosciences center. Patients and Methods: Out of 4319 abnormal EEGs and based on the classical EEG findings and clinical presentations, the EEG of patients suggestive of PS were identified. Results: EEG findings of patients with PS in the study agree with classical international studies, as they were clustering of sharp and slow waves, sometimes associated with brain spiking, but usually shifting from one region to the other with dominant occipital paroxysms of sharp and slow waves.

Introduction: Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) is well recognised, age-related electroclinical, generalised, epileptic syndrome. JME exceeds the 5% of all epilepsies and around 20% of all idiopathic generalised epilepsies. The classical presentations consist of myoclonic jerks (MJs), occur early in the morning and precipitated by sleep deprivation. JME is well documented under diagnosed. Aims:The aims were to identify the prevalence and EEGs characteristics among Sudanese patients with JME. Methods and Patients:A cross-sectional clinical based study that consists of EEGs recording and history reviewing of the all epileptic patients presented to EEG unit of the National Ribat University, and El magzoub neurosciences centre, Results: Forty-four patients with JME have been diagnosed, with an overall prevalence of 2.13%, based on EEG finding of generalised 3.5-6 Hz single, bifid and polyspikes -slow wave complexes on normal brain background activity. The mean age of JME patients at diagnosis was 19.55 ± 8.98 years; the majority of patients (75%) were between 10 and 30 years. Myoclonic jerks were detected in 90.9% of the patients with a mean age of onset 10.48 ± 4.81 years. Absence attacks were confirmed in 77.27% of JME patients, and generalised tonic-clonic seizures in 84.1% of patients with a mean age of onset 13.92 ± 5.65 years, convulsions were detected in 77.3% of all patients experienced GTCs.Conclusion: JME among Sudanese epileptic patients has a low prevalence, thus a high rate of under diagnosis. The most important misdiagnosis pitfalls are the low awareness among doctors, who fail to ask about MJs, underestimation of the MJs by parents, who do not seek advice before the occurrence of fits, and the empirical anti-convulsion drugs that may blackout the MJs. EEGs asymmetries led to missing interpretation and misdiagnosis.