Plasmonic nanostructures hold promise for the realization of ultra-thin sub-wavelength devices, reducing power operating thresholds and enabling nonlinear optical functionality in metasurfaces. However, this promise is substantially undercut by absorption introduced by resistive losses, causing the metasurface community to turn away from plasmonics in favour of alternative material platforms (e.g., dielectrics) that provide weaker field enhancement, but more tolerable losses. Here, we report a plasmonic metasurface with a quality-factor (Q-factor) of 2340 in the telecommunication C band by exploiting surface lattice resonances (SLRs), exceeding the record by an order of magnitude. Additionally, we show that SLRs retain many of the same benefits as localized plasmonic resonances, such as field enhancement and strong confinement of light along the metal surface. Our results demonstrate that SLRs provide an exciting and unexplored method to tailor incident light fields, and could pave the way to flexible wavelength-scale devices for any optical resonating application.

Resonances in optical systems are useful for many applications, such as frequency comb generation, optical filtering, and biosensing. However, many of these applications are difficult to implement in optical metasurfaces because traditional approaches for designing multiresonant nanostructures require significant computational and fabrication efforts. To address this challenge, we introduce the concept of Fourier lattice resonances (FLRs) in which multiple desired resonances can be chosen a priori and used to dictate the metasurface design. Because each resonance is supported by a distinct surface lattice mode, each can have a high quality factor. Here, we experimentally demonstrate several metasurfaces with flexibly placed resonances (e.g., at 1310 and 1550 nm) and Q-factors as high as 800 in a plasmonic platform. This flexible procedure requires only the computation of a single Fourier transform for its design, and is based on standard lithographic fabrication methods, allowing one to design and fabricate a metasurface to fit any specific, optical-cavity-based application. This work represents a step toward the complete control over the transmission spectrum of a metasurface.

Plasmonic metasurfaces are promising as enablers of nanoscale nonlinear optics and flat nonlinear optical components. Nonlinear optical responses of such metasurfaces are determined by the nonlinear optical properties of individual plasmonic meta-atoms. Unfortunately, no simple methods exist to determine the nonlinear optical properties (hyperpolarizabilities) of the meta-atoms hindering the design of nonlinear metasurfaces. Here, we develop the equivalent RLC circuit (resistor, inductor, capacitor) model of such metaatoms to estimate their second-order nonlinear optical properties, that is, the first-order hyperpolarizability in the optical spectral range. In parallel, we extract from second-harmonic generation experiments the first-order hyperpolarizabilities of individual meta-atoms consisting of asymmetrically shaped (elongated) plasmonic nanoprisms, verified with detailed calculations using both nonlinear hydrodynamic-FDTD and nonlinear scattering theory. All three approaches, analytical, experimental, and computational, yield results that agree very well. Our empirical RLC model can thus be used as a simple tool to enable an efficient design of nonlinear plasmonic metasurfaces.

Multiresonant metasurfaces could enable many applications in filtering, sensing, and nonlinear optics. However, developing a metasurface with more than one high-quality-factor or high-Q resonance at designated resonant wavelengths is challenging. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a plasmonic metasurface exhibiting different, narrow surface lattice resonances by exploiting the polarization degree of freedom where different lattice modes propagate along different dimensions of the lattice. The surface consists of aluminum nanostructures in a rectangular periodic lattice. The resulting surface lattice resonances were measured around 640 nm and 1160 nm with Q factors of ∼50 and ∼800, respectively. The latter is a record-high plasmonic Q factor within the near-infrared type-II window. Such metasurfaces could benefit such applications as frequency conversion and all-optical switching.

We demonstrate excitation of guided lattice resonances inside a semiconductor thin-film in a inhomogeneous metasurface enabled by a lossy plasmonic lattice reso-nanances with a record Q-factor value over 10,000.