Landslides are among the most costly and damaging natural hazards in mountainous region, triggered mainly under the influence of earthquakes and/or rainfall. In the present study, Landslide Hazard Zonation (LHZ) of South district, Sikkim State was carried out using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS). Various thematic layers namely slope, photo-lineament buffer, thrust buffer, relative relief map, geology and land use / land cover map were generated using remote sensing data and GIS. The weighting rating system based on the relative importance of various causative factors as derived from remotely sensed data and other thematic maps were used for the LHZ. The different classes of thematic layers were assigned the corresponding rating value as attribute information in the GIS and an ''attribute map'' was generated for each data layer. Each class within a thematic layer was assigned an ordinal rating from 0 to 9. Summation of these attribute maps were then multiplied by the corresponding weights to yield the Landslide Hazard Index (LHI) for each cell. Using trial and error method the weight-rating values have been readjusted. A LHZ map was prepared showing the five zones, namely ''very low hazard'', ''low hazard'', ''moderate hazard'', ''high hazard'' and ''very high hazard'' by using the ''slicing'' operation.
Sikkim State in the eastern Indian Himalayan Region experiences intensive landslides because of its geologically brittle terrain coupled with heavy rainfall and anthropogenic influences. Based on satellite images and a toposheet from the Survey of India, a total of 50 landslides were identified in a study area of 133.8 km 2 . Among them, 43 were validated in field survey. The important factors for landslide hazard are identified and thematic maps are prepared in ArcGIS. Impacting factors including geomorphologic properties, drainage and soil conditions are assigned weight factors according to our work knowledge in this region to generate thematic layers in ArcGIS for landslide hazard analysis. A landslide hazard zonation map containing five classes, ranging from very low hazard to very high hazard, is produced. The results provide a reliable database for disaster detection and post disaster management, which is essential to planning developmental activities in this district.
The unprecedented generation of e-waste is a serious concern, which has become a critical environmental challenge across the world as well as considered as an emerging issue by policy makers, practitioners and researchers. The present paper deals with the case study conducted in four development blocks of Dehradun state (Doiwala, Sahaspur, Raipur and Vikasnagar) in Western Himalayan region from September 2020 to December 2021. We highlight standardized questionnaire based strategy including interviews of key stakeholders (Village head representatives, Education department, Development block officers, Representatives from Municipalities and Pollution Control Board) to evaluate present status of e-waste generation and awareness among communities. The results from the survey revealed that communities have low awareness level about e-waste management rules and regulations, its impact on environment and human health and formal and informal e-waste recycling processes. Besides, we organized training program to various stakeholders for making and repairing of LED bulbs, tube lights and creation of decorative sticks and bamboo carved lamps with respect to e-waste minimization and handling, which has resulted in providing a livelihood opportunity to the community. Folk media workshops (Short film, rap song, posters, leaflets, standees, puppet plays, street shows) were also organized together with launching of “EKU” (E-Waste Management and Minimization) campaign to spread awareness about systematic scientific management of E-waste in a simple and local language. Various e-waste minimization centers were established in Dehradun district on the basis of community recommendations. The study recommends that e-waste management, mitigation and recycling can be accelerated by promoting community awareness campaign, educating them about the benefits of scientific recycling of e-waste and making e-waste recycling as part of their livelihood source.
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