In order to identify the economic and energetic efficiency of the applied agricultural technologies of spring soft wheat by productivity in the conditions of the Middle Volga region, the influence of the main tillage methods was studied: plowing at 20-22 cm, loosening at 10-12 cm and without autumn mechanical processing, on yield, protein content and gluten fractions in wheat grain obtained without fertilizer and on the background of fertilizer application when sowing in N60P60K6 dose. On average, over the years of research, the yield of spring wheat for plowing and loosening the soil with the use of fertilizers was higher compared with the variant without autumn mechanical tillage. The content of protein in the grain with the application of fertilizers increased by 5.2-5.8% in comparison with the uncomfortable background. The protein content was maximum for plowing - 13.26%, medium - when loosening - 12.66%, and what was higher by 6 and 2%, respectively, with the option without autumn mechanical tillage. At the same time, the amount of gluten fractions was also the highest in plowing - 8.70% and loosening - 8.01%. Calculations of economic and energy efficiency showed that with loosening of the soil and without its autumn mechanical processing, profitability was the highest, 79 and 75% respectively against the background without fertilizer and 70% with fertilizer. The most energy-efficient option has been without autumn mechanical tillage with the use of fertilizers. The highest energy effect of spring wheat cultivation is confirmed by the lowest coefficient of protein intensity, equal to 5.96.
The article describes agricultural technologies increasing nitrate nitrogen content in the soil, crop yield, protein content and its fractional composition in winter wheat grain in the Middle Volga region. An economic and energy assessment of the effectiveness of winter wheat cultivation is provided for various predecessors, methods of primary tillage and fertilizing. Long-term studies were carried out on the fields of the Department of Agriculture, the laboratory “Agroecology” of Samara State Agricultural Academy. When cultivating winter wheat using the black fallow method, without autumn mechanical tillage with double application of nitrogen fertilizing, the highest yield indicators (2.79 t/ha), protein content of 13.12 %, the maximum net income, profitability of 92 % and energy efficiency were achieved. The energy efficiency coefficient in crops was the largest with the lowest energy coefficient in proteins.
The paper considers different levels of biologization in agriculture as provided by crop rotation with different fallow types with placement of fertilizers at a level of 40 t/ha, basic soil treatment, leaving straw in the field for all crops of five-field crop rotation and application of mineral fertilizers. High barley yields were obtained through the years of the study. Correlation analysis revealed a direct dependence between total biogenesity of soil and grain yield, which is fully actualized depending on meteorological conditions, varietydependent peculiarities of Povolzhsky 85 barley and agricultural processes applied aimed at increasing biologization of agriculture and protecting soil fertility.
The purpose of research is to estimate influence of vegetable oils (10%) by its use for quality of tribology properties of diesel fuel. The technique and results of basic researches of antiwear properties of mixed fuel with additive of vegetable oils (mustard, linseed and rape) are given. Researches were conducted by means of universal tribometer of the TU type with four-ball frictional unit. Concentration of vegetable oils in fuel are changed from 0 to 10% on volume with 2% step. Loading, frequency of spindle rotation and material of frictional unit details didn't change. For example researches showed that by of mustard oil of 2% concentration on volume the average diameter of a spot of wear decreased by 29% (with 0.258 when using diesel fuel without additives to 0.183 mm at addition of 2% of mustard oil). At concentration of mustard oil of 4% the average diameter of a spot of wear decreased by 35.4% of the initial. At further increase in concentration of mustard oil (6, 8 and 10% on volume) decrease in diameter of a spot of wear made respectively 37.3%, 40% and 43%. In case of use of linseed and rape oil similar regularities are observed. It is established that for substantial increase the tribology properties of diesel fuel is enough to enter into its structure 2-4% of vegetable oils on volume. The further increase in concentration of antiwear additive of considerable effect doesn't give, but use the mixed fuels with the content of vegetable oils to 30% on volume is rational from the point of view of economy of fuels of an oil origin.
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