The following study analysed apoptosis in proliferative cells and migrating neurons of the developing cerebellum. The external granular layer, Purkinje cell layer and internal granular layer in the developing mouse cerebellar cortex were analysed by active caspase-3 immunohistochemistry, Hoechst 33258 staining and Western blot analysis. Immunocytochemistry results indicated that the peak of apoptosis appeared at postnatal days P8, P5 and P9 in the external granular layer, Purkinje cell layer and internal granular layer, respectively. Subsequently, in each region, the rate of apoptosis decreased with increasing age. In contrast, Western blot results demonstrated the highest expression of activated caspase-3 in the cerebellum at P5, followed by a subsequent decline and disappearance of expression by P14. Activated caspase-8 was expressed maximally at P10, and subsequently disappeared by P30. The results of this study suggest that the key period of neuronal apoptosis in the cerebellar cortex is between P0 and P14, indicating that this developmental period could be susceptible to treatment for congenital neurodegenerative diseases.
e7415th ICID Abstracts / International Journal of Infectious Diseases 16S (2012) e2-e157 widely used to track the epidemic. We describe the symptoms and health-seeking behaviour in a cohort of community dwelling adults during the initial wave of pdmH1N1 influenza A from June through September 2009 in Singapore.Methods: The cohort was followed up with fortnightly telephone surveys and up to three blood samples in 2009 (end-June, before sustained transmission, late August after the peak and early October after epidemic activity subsided). Acute self-reported symptom episodes were classified as ARIs (Acute respiratory illness) if at least one respiratory symptom was reported; ARIs with self-reported fever were classified as FRIs (febrile respiratory illness). More stringent definitions of fever were also studied (ILI-1, ≥37.8 • C and ILI-2, ≥38.0 • C). Episodes were considered as compatible with seroconversion (≥four-fold rise in hemagglutination inhibition titres to A/California/7/2009 H1N1 between successive samples) only if they occurred before the sample where seroconversion was detected. Since some individuals had several episodes, we used multilevel mixed-effect multivariate logistic regression modelling to investigate associations between variables and medical care.Results: Of 727 participants with ≥1 follow-up blood sample, 365 (50.2%) reported ≥1 symptom episode. In 98 participants who seroconverted, 69.4%, 43.9%, 34.7% and 30.6% had episodes fulfilling case definitions for ARI, FRI, ILI-1 and ILI-2 respectively. Of 568 episodes, 97 (17.1%) were compatible with seroconversion; fever (50.5%), cough (51.6%) and breathlessness (16.5%) were significantly more common than in other episodes (20.2%, 36.5% and 4.3% respectively). Medical attention was sought for 38.2% of episodes. Episodes compatible with seroconversion were not significantly more likely to seek medical care. However, on multivariate analysis, episodes with fever, cough and sorethroat were significantly associated with medical care (OR 5.97, 2.18 and 2.98 respectively), as were individuals who were employed (OR 2.34). Conclusion:During the initial wave of pdmH1N1 infections, a third of seroconverting individuals had ILI symptoms. Medical care was associated with the nature of the symptoms rather than whether an episode was due to pdmH1N1, with employment status being the main socio-demographic determinant.
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