AimThis randomized, prospective, double‐blind, clinical trial assessed the effect of 1.3% and 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) as irrigants on post‐endodontic pain and medication intake following root canal treatment of mandibular molars with nonvital pulps.MethodologyThree hundred and eight patients, each with one symptomatic or asymptomatic molar, were randomly assigned, using the permuted‐block method, into two equal groups according to NaOCl concentration: 1.3% or 5.25% (n = 154). For both groups, syringe irrigation was performed using a 27‐gauge needle advanced into the canal to a depth of 3 mm from the working length; 3 mL were used between every two consecutive instruments. All root canal treatments were carried out in two visits, with no intracanal medication, by trained postgraduate students. The canals were prepared using the ProTaper Universal rotary system during the first visit. In the second visit 7 days later, the same irrigant per group was used and the canal walls were reprepared with the final instrument before filling the canal using the modified single‐cone technique with an epoxy resin‐based sealer. Patients assessed their postoperative pain using a 0–10 numerical rating scale immediately after instrumentation, 3, 24, 48 h and 7 days after the first visit and immediately following root canal filling. The incidence of rescue medication intake (Sham or analgesic) was also recorded; patients received a sham capsule to be used first, but, if pain persisted, an analgesic was prescribed. Outcome data were analysed using Mann–Whitney U‐test, Friedman's test, Wilcoxon's rank test and chi‐square (χ2) test. Relative risk reduction (RRR) and its 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated for binary data.ResultsThe incidence and intensity of postoperative pain were significantly lower with 1.3% NaOCl than 5.25% NaOCl at all time‐points (P < 0.05). Postoperative pain intensity exceeded preoperative pain at 3 and 24 h with 5.25% NaOCl only (P < 0.05). The RRR in pain incidence was 38% (95% CI: 17%, 54%) immediately after instrumentation, 41% (95% CI: 31%, 49%) at 3 h, 42% (95% CI: 32%, 51%) at 24 h, 59% (95% CI: 45%, 69%) at 48 h, 62% (95% CI: 27%, 80%) at 7 days and 81% (95% CI: 68%, 89%) after root filling. RRR was 38% (95% CI: 1%, 61%) for sham intake and 69% (95% CI: 37%, 85%) for analgesic intake.ConclusionsUsing 1.3% NaOCl was associated with less intense and less frequent post‐endodontic pain than 5.25% NaOCl in mandibular molars with nonvital pulps treated in two visits. The incidence of pain was reduced by up to 60% within the week post‐instrumentation and 80% after root canal filling and the rescue analgesic intake by about 70% on using 1.3% NaOCl compared to 5.25% NaOCl.

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no ternary azeotrope exists, as there is no maximum, minimum, or saddle-point pressure in this figure. Thus, tetrahydrofuran can be useful for breaking the ethyl acetate and cyclohexane azeotrope. The situation of equal ethyl acetate/cyclohexane relative volatility, which is the formation of a pseudoazeotrope, disappears when the tetrahydrofuran liquid-phase mole fraction exceeds 70 mol % as is also shown in this figure . Literature Cited(1) The Quaker Oats Co.,

Background This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of pulse oximetry-derived oxygen saturation (SpO 2 ) on room air, determined at hospital admission, as a predictor for the need for mechanical ventilatory support in patients with Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19). Methods In this retrospective observational study, demographic and clinical details of the patients were obtained during ICU admission. SpO 2 and respiratory rate (RR) on room air were determined within the first 6 h of hospital admission. As all measurements were obtained on room air, we calculated the simplified respiratory rate‑oxygenation (ROX) index by dividing the SpO 2 by the RR. Based on the use of any assistance of mechanical ventilator (invasive or noninvasive), patients were divided into mechanical ventilation (MV) group and oxygen therapy group. The accuracy of the SpO 2 , CT score, and ROX index to predict the need to MV were determined using the Area under receiver operating curve (AUC). Results We included 72 critically ill patients who tested COVID-19-positive. SpO 2 on the room air could predict any MV requirement (AUC [95% confidence interval]: 0.9 [0.8–0.96], sensitivity: 70%, specificity 100%, cut-off value ≤78%, P < 0.001). Within the MV group, the use of noninvasive ventilation (NIV) was successful in 37 (74%) patients, whereas 13 patients (26%) required endotracheal intubation. The cut-off ROX value for predicting early NIV failure was ≤1.4, with a sensitivity of 85%, a specificity of 86%, and an AUC of 0.86 (95% confidence interval of 0.73–0.94, P < 0.0001). Conclusions A baseline SpO 2 ≤78% is an excellent predictor of MV requirement with a positive predictive value of 100%. Moreover, the ROX index measured within the first 6 h of hospital admission is a good indicator of early NIV failure.

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