Abstract-The iron calorimeter (ICAL) detector at the Indiabased Neutrino Observatory (INO) will be used to measure neutrino mass hierarchy. The magnet in the ICAL detector will be used to distinguish the μ and μ + events induced by µ and anti-µ respectively. Due to the importance of the magnet in ICAL, an electromagnetic simulation has been carried out to study the B-field distribution in iron using various designs. The simulation shows better uniformity in the portion of the iron layer between the coils, which is bounded by regions which have lesser field strength as we move to the periphery of the iron layer. The ICAL magnet was configured to have a tiling structure that gave the minimum reluctance path while keeping a reasonably uniform field pattern. This translates into less Ampere-turns needed for generation of the required magnetic field. At low Ampere-turns, a larger fractional area with |B| ≥ 1 Tesla (T) can be obtained by using a soft magnetic material. A study of the effect of the magnetic field on muon trajectories has been carried out using GEANT4. For muons up to 20 GeV, the energy resolution improves as the magnetic field increases from 1.1 T to 1.8 T. The charge identification efficiency for muons was found to be more than 90% except for large zenith angles.
Experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of low power microwave radiation on germination and growth rate in seeds. In the present paper, the bioeffects of low power (non-thermal intensity) microwave modulated with 1 KHz square wave have been studied. Experiments were performed in X-band frequencies using klystron based microwave test bench. Microwave parameters like frequency, power, exposure time and power density were varied while irradiating seed samples to study their influence on germination. The seed samples used for the experiment included wheat (Triticum aestivum), bengal gram (Cicer arietinum), green gram (Vigna radiate) and moth bean (Vigna Aconitifolia). Seed germination %, plant height, root length and dry matter % (biomass %) were recorded and compared with control seeds. The effects of different treatments were found to be stimulating the germination and seedling vigour of plants especially in power and exposure time treatments while increase in frequency and power density has reduced the seed germination and seedling vigour. The effect also varied with the nature of seeds
Synthesis of 2,2'-diphenylene chlorophosphonate and 2,2'-diphenylene chlorothiophosphonate is described through the interaction of 2,2'-dihydroxybiphenyl with phosphoryl chloride and thiophosphoryl chloride respectively. These compounds were screened for their fungicidal activity.
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